Proto-Hlou-Shum

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Proto-Talsmic phonology

Consonant inventory

Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *p *t *c *k *q
voiced *b *d *g
aspirated *pʰ *tʰ *cʰ *kʰ *qʰ
Fricative voiceless *s *h
voiced *z
Approximant *w *j
Trill *r
Lateral app. *l

/qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].

Vocalic inventory

Front Central Back
Close *i *ī *u *ū
Mid *e *ē *o *ō
Open *a *ā

Phonological laws

  1. *ʔ=ʔ >
  2. *mʔ, *nʔ, *lʔ, *rʔ > mp, nt, lt, rt; *mh, *nh, *lh, *rh > mf, nth, lth, rth
  3. nr > ndr, lr > ldr
  4. *=ʔ > word-final tonic syllable
  5. coronal obstruent + sibilanti > sibilantisibilanti
  6. CC[+resonant]{C, #} > CyC[+resonant]{C, #}
    • Cyı{C, #} > Ci{C, #}
  1. CC[-resonant]C > CiC[-resonant]C
  2. ıy[ː] > i[ː]
  3. z > r / V_C[-semivowel, +voiced, ~{/z/}]
  4. h > [ː~] / _C[+fricative]
  5. > [ː~] / _C
  6. c > ch / _{d, t, ŧ}
  7. *tk, *ck *tkʰ/ckʰ > cht, chŧ, cth
  8. *q
    • > ħ / _{t, ŧ}
    • > v / _C[+voiced +obstruent]
    • > ħ except...
    • > v / _C[+voiced] or _V[+close]