Proto-Quame: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
The '''Pfeuno-K'aitian languages''' ('''PfK''') are moderately inflecting languages that use mainly suffixing, ablaut, and infixing morphology. They are descended from '''Proto-Pfeuno-K'aitian''' ('''PfK''').
 
Inspirations: Indo-European, Wakashan, Salishan.
 
==Phylogeny==
{{clade|label1={{PAGENAME}}
|1={{clade
    |label1=[[Quame languages|Proto-Quame]]
    |1={{clade
  |label1=[[Proto-Talsmic]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Thensarian|Noble Thensarian]]
    |1={{clade
    |1=[[Nurian]]
    |2=[[Qelorian]]
    |2=[[Bênôcême]]
      }}
    |2=[[Andarin]]
    }}
|label2=[[Pfeunic languages|Proto-Pfeunic]]
|2={{clade
  |label1=Proto-North Pfeunic
  |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Ancient Wiebian]]
      |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Middle Wiebian]]
      |1={{clade
          |1=[[Reber Wiebian]]
          |2=[[Gaufian]]
          |3=[[Zwehrer]]
          }}
      |label2=[[Old Cuatham]]
      |2={{clade
          |1=[[Cuatham]]
          |2=[[Schnüher]]
          |3=[[Ƨählerbraum]]
          }}
      |3=[[Hederdau]]
      |4=[[Brusingian]]
      |5=[[Kagasa]]
      |6=[[Humpback Whelsh]]
      }}
      |label2=[[Old Whetmer]]
      |2=[[Whetmer]]
    }}
    |label2=[[Sandscript]]
    |2=[[Sam-I-Am]]
    }}
  |label3=Proto-Naquic
  |3={{clade
    |label1=[[Naquian]]
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Atzòpic]]
      |2=[[Tizian]]
        }}
    }}
  |label4=[[Proto-Kammalic]]
  |4={{clade
    |1=[[Kammalian]]
    |2=[[Hmooby-Doo]]
    |3=[[Czechmate]]
    |label4=geminates > ejectives
    |4={{clade
        |1=[[Dholuomite]]
        |2=fricativeless Ubykh
        |3=Japanese-esque
        }}
    |label5=Bantu gib
    |5=Manx-ish
    }}
  |label5=[[Shoeic languages|Proto-Shoeic]]
  |5={{clade
    |label1=[[Boot Polish]]
    |1=[[Reboot Polish]]
    |2=[[Kashoebian]]
    }}
  |6=[[Sesamic languages|Sesamic]]
  |7=[[Phoshic languages|Phoshic]]
  |8=Ejective-less branch
  |9=Witcanic
  |10=Twazamaadila?
  |11=Another ejective-less branch
  |12=[[Chick Corean]]
}}
|2=[[Adetsib]] (''ʔAdəʔcʼib'')
|3=[[Pingit]]
|4=[[Tuna Sandwich]]
}}
}}
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for Proto-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian. The Quichum branch preserves the most archaic consonant inventories, whereas the [[Kammalic languages|Kammalic]] branch is the most innovative.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Denti-alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>central</small>
! |<small>lateral</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! |<small>plain</small>
| *m
| *n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
 
! |<small>glottalized</small>
| *mʼ
| *nʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *kʷ
| *q
| *qʷ
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *gʷ
| *ɢ
| *ɢʷ
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| *pʼ
| *tʼ
|
|
| *kʼ
| *kʷʼ
| *qʼ
| *qʷʼ
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| *s
| *ł
|
| *x
| *xʷ
| *x̌
| *x̌ʷ
| *h
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| *c
| *ƛ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *λ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| *cʼ
| *ƛʼ
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| *r
| *l
| *y
|
| *w
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
|
| *rʼ
| *lʼ
| *yʼ
|
| *wʼ
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| *i *ī
|
| *u *ū
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| *ə
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| *a *ā
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
No phonemic pitch, tone or stress existed in Proto-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian.
 
===Phonotactics===
Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
 
The morphological form of a typical Pfeuno-Kitelucquian word can be described as {{sc|root}}<{{sc|infix}}>-{{sc|suffix}}-{{sc|ending}}.
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, Proto-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades. The ablaut system became more complex in Quame languages as laryngeal infixes yielded new vowels.
 
===Nominals===
Proto-Raxo-Talsmic did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
*5 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, predicative
*A noun class system, indicated by different final ''classifier clitics''. Or perhaps an animate-inanimate opposition.
*3 numbers: Singular, dual, plural
 
Nouns minimally consisted of a root and an optional infix, case/number endings and a classifier suffix. The classifier suffixes play a role in gender assignment in daughter languages.
 
====Declension====
Masculine sg: nom. ''-0''
*-0, -a, -ə, -i, -u, uncommonly -ā, -ī, -ū
 
Feminine sg: nom. ''-x̌''
*-ax̌, -əx̌ > -ā
*-ix̌, -āx̌ > -ē
*-ux̌ > -ō
*-īx̌ > -ī
*-ūx̌ > -ū
*-Cx̌ > -Ca
 
Dual: nom. ''-x̌ur''
 
so what if masculine nouns ending in long vowels get reinterpreted as feminine in pquame?
 
long vowel stems won't be very common
 
Plural -a- ablaut?
 
Declension A: plural ''-Vu''
 
Declension B: plural ''-Vt''
 
Declension C: plural ''-n''
 
Declension D: singular  {{recon|-0-y}}, pl. {{recon|-a-y}}
<!--
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Case suffixes
|-
! |
! | Singular
! | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| Ø
|
|-
! Accusative
| ''*-z''
|
|-
! Genitive
| ''*-ʔ'', ''*-k''
|
|-
! Dative
| ''*-ƛ''
|
|-
! Locative-Comitative
| ''*-ksi''
|
|-
! Ablative
| ''*-hn''
|
|-
! Allative
| ''*-cti''
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ''*-hli''
|
|-
! Predicative
| ''*-ʔzi''
|
|-
! Adverbial
| ''*-ʔzi''
|
|}
-->
 
====Nominal morphosyntax====
The PRT nominative and accusative cases differ from the canonical nominative-accusative system in that the accusative case marks only definite or specific direct objects.
 
===Pronouns===
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
*Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
*Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
 
====Ablaut grades====
*present: a-grade
*preterite: i-grade
*stative: zero-grade?
*verbal noun: u-grade
 
====TAM affixes====
*{{angbr|''n''}}: aorist infix. (Wiobian preterite {{angbr|n}})
*''-ƛ-'': dynamic affix (progressive ''-tł-'' in Naquian, future ''-t-'' in Themsarian)
*''-eʔ'': stative affix
 
===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|
|''-mēk̓''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-nci''
|-
!|2
|''-z''
|''''
|''-lci''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|''-rih''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-ici''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Aorist suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|
|''-mēk̓''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-nci''
|-
!|2
|''-z''
|''''
|''-lci''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|''-rih''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-ici''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Stative suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-nʔe''
|
|''-moz''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-toz''
|-
!|2
|''-zʔe''
|''''
|''-li''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-h''
|rowspan="2"|
||''-woz''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-z''
||''-toz''
|}
 
===Derivational morphology===
*{{angbr|''*l''}} verbalizer
*{{angbr|''*r''}} nominalizer/adjectivalizer
 
==Some etymologies==
*1: *x̌əm-; *kʷi-x̌əm- 'only one'
*2: *tił-x̌ur-
*3: *nazg-
*4: *λawpʼ-
*5: *calił
*6: *sta-x̌əm- 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
*10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ur-
*step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
*stone: *ƛʼerqʷa
*fur, hair, feather: *qʷ’irə
*water: *wjənqa
*day: *m’ul
 
==Sample text==
On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
 
[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pfeuno-Kitelucquian languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]

Latest revision as of 03:39, 23 July 2018

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