Proto-Quame: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 06:44, 16 June 2018

Proto-Quihum/Lexicon

Proto-Quihum/Swadesh list

Proto-Quihum is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Quihum languages. It's inspired by Proto-Indo-European. It's thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are Thensarian, Naquian, and Sjowaazhéñ.


Todo

Overview

Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma?

Phonology

Consonants

The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars.

p b p' f t d t' þ ts dz ts' s ṭ ḍ ṭ' ṣ k g k' x m n l r y w

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close *i ī *u ū
Mid *e *ē ə (?)
Open *a *ā

Suprasegmentals

Stress was phonemic.

Phonotactics

Rules:

  • Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.

Grammar

Typology

The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified (like German).

Ablaut

Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.

Functions of ablaut

  • Noun inflections
  • Verb inflections
  • Verb "binyanim"
  • Deriving nouns and verbs

Ablaut grades

  • a-grade: present tense
  • e-grade: ?
  • i-grade: preterite tense
  • ə-grade: bare verbal noun
  • u-grade: passive for verbs?
  • -grade: derivations
  • lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices

Nominals

Nouns had:

  • two genders: animate, inanimate.
    • There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in Talmic, meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
  • two states: absolute and construct.
  • two cases: nominative and genitive.
  • two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.

Possible declensions:

  • a-stems
  • x̌-stems
  • i-stems
  • u-stems
  • consonant stems
  • heteroclitic stems: r/s

Animate nouns

a-stems
δoerom 'bird'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute δoerom '
Construct δoeroes δoerot
Genitive Absolute ' δoerōni
Construct '-' '-'
Accusative Absolute '-' δoerobim
Construct δoeroes δoerot
Consonant stems
māram 'tree'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute māram '
Construct mārīs mārae
Genitive Absolute ' mārini
Construct māria '-'
Accusative Absolute māribos mārebim
Construct mārīs mārae
i-stems
u-stems
x̌-stems (honorific stems)
r/s-stems

Inanimate nouns

Heteroclitic stems
a-stems
δoerom 'bird'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute δoerom δeδoerom
Construct δoeroes δoerot
Genitive Absolute δeδoerot δoerōni
Construct '-' '-'
Accusative Absolute '-' δoerobim
Construct δoeroes δoerot
Consonant stems

jénəqws 'water'

i-stems

welís 'name'

u-stems
r/s-stems

Verbs

Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).

Should be Native American-ish

  • Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
  • Aspects: present, preterite, stative
  • Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
  • Voice in finite verb forms cannot be reconstructed; only voice in participles can.

Personal affixes

Object affixes

Object affixes
Singular Plural
1 n-
1 + 2 -
2
3 bi-

Some etyma

  • wel-í- = name
    • Possible ablauted stems: wel-ə́y-/wel-yə́-
  • stup- = fire
  • wjénəqʷ- = water
  • -əx̌- = causative or intensive of a verb
    • Verbalizer -ā- in Talmic
  • pVd/pd = speak

References