Proto-Rathmosian/Later Developments: Difference between revisions

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* final-syllable long vowels shortened
* final-syllable long vowels shortened


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! Pr-Rs!! Stressed !! Unstressed !! Word-Final !! i-mutated || -n/-m  
! Pr-Rs!! Stressed !! Unstressed !! Word-Final !! i-mutated || -n/-m  
|-
|-
! a  
! a  
|| a || || a / - || ä || ą  
| colspan="2;" | a || a / - || ä || ą  
|-
|-
! e
! e
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|-  
|-  
! i
! i
| i || i || i / - || || į  
| colspan="2;"  | i || i / - || || į  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;" | u
! rowspan="2;" | u
| u || u || u / - || ü || ų  
| colspan="2;" | u || u / - || ü || ų  
|-
|-
| o || o || || ||
| colspan="2;" | o (bef. ''a'') || || ||
|-
|-
! ə
! ə
| ə || ə ||  || || ę  
| colspan="2;" | ə ||  || || ę  
|-
|-
! aa  
! aa  
|| colspan="2;" | aa || a || ää || ą  
| colspan="2;" | aa || a || ää || ą  
|-
|-
! ee
! ee
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|-
|-
! ew
! ew
| ew || öö|| ö || iw || -ǫ
| ew || öö || e || iw || -ę
|-
|-
! iw
! iw
| iw || üü || ü || iw || -ų
| iw || üü || i || iw || -į
|-
|-
! uw
! uw
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|-
|-
! uy
! uy
| uy || üü || ü || uy || -ų
| uy || üü || i || uy || -ų
|-
|-
|}
The changes described above resulted in the following vowel inventory for the late common period:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2;" |  !! colspan="2;" | Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! -Round !! +Round !! -Round !! +Round
|-
! Close
|| ''i'' /i/ <br>''ii'' /iː/ <br> ''į'' /ĩ/ || ''ü'' /y/ <br> ''üü'' /yː/ ||  || ''u'' /u/ <br> ''uu'' /uː/ <br> ''ų'' /ũ/
|-
! Mid
|| ''e'' /e/ <br> ''ee'' /eː/ <br> ''ę'' /ẽ/ || ''ö'' /ø/ <br> ''öö'' /øː/ || ''ə'' /ə/ || ''o'' /o/ <br> ''oo'' /oː/ <br> ''ǫ'' /õ/
|-
! Open
| ''ä'' /æ/ <br> ''ää'' /æː/ || || ''a'' /a/ <br> ''aa'' /aː/ <br> ''ą'' /ã/ ||
|}
|}


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* ''Cy'' > ''CC'', except ''ry''
* ''Cy'' > ''CC'', except ''ry''
* ''g'' > /ɣ/ in most positions, except ''ng, gg''
* ''g'' > /ɣ/ in most positions, except ''ng, gg''
* ''ts > ''ss''
* ''p, t, k'' > ''f, þ, h'' and ''b, d > v, ð'' before ''n, m, l, r''
* ''p, t, k'' > ''f, þ, h'' and ''b, d > v, ð'' before ''n, m, l, r''
* ''a(a)'' and ''ay'' raised to ''ä(ä), äy'' except before ''-n, -m'' or before a back vowel (''a(a), o(o), u(u)'') in the next syllable
* ''a(a)'' and ''ay'' raised to ''ä(ä), äy'' except before ''-n, -m'' or before a back vowel (''a(a), o(o), u(u)'') in the next syllable
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* nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts
* nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts
* stressed ''ä, e, i'' > ''äw, ew, iw'' before ''-w, -lC, rC''
* stressed ''ä, e, i'' > ''äw, ew, iw'' before ''-w, -lC, rC''
* changes to diphthongs: ''ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo, ey > ee, ew > eo, uy
* changes to diphthongs: ''ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo > ea, ey > ee, ew > eo, iy > ii, iw > iü, uw > uu, uy > uü.
* ''k, g, sk'' palatalised to ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/, ''ȝ'' /ʝ/, ''sh'' /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (''ä, e, i, ü'') or ''y'', or (b) after ''e, i'' except when followed by a back vowel: ''negara > neger > neȝer'' but ''neganta > negan''
* ''k, g, sk'' palatalised to ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/, ''ȝ'' /ʝ/, ''sh'' /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (''ä, e, i, ü'') or ''y'', or (b) after ''e, i'' except when followed by a back vowel: ''negara > neger > neȝer'' but ''neganta > negan''
* i-mutation: ''a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü)'' before ''i, y'' in next syllable
* i-mutation: ''a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü)'' before ''i, y'' in next syllable
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** medial syllable: ''a, ä, e'' lost, ''i, u'' lost after heavy syllable, > ''e'' after light syllable, ''oo'' > ''o'', other long vowels > short
** medial syllable: ''a, ä, e'' lost, ''i, u'' lost after heavy syllable, > ''e'' after light syllable, ''oo'' > ''o'', other long vowels > short
** final syllable: ''ä, i'' > ''e'', ''uC'' > ''oC'', ''oo > u'', other long vowels > short
** final syllable: ''ä, i'' > ''e'', ''uC'' > ''oC'', ''oo > u'', other long vowels > short
* medial ''h'' lost before vowels and consonants with compensatory lengthening
* medial ''f, s'' > ''v, z'', ''ss > s''


===Carrick Changes===
===Carrick Changes===
Line 105: Line 126:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Pr-Rs !! Header text !! Header text
! Change !! ''kupakuren'' <br> "smell" (loc.pl.) !! ''feyhilep'' <br> "fighter" (dat.sg.) || ''gawuya'' <br> "feast" (gen.sg.) || ''reykitset'' <br> "he loves you" || ''pupurad'' <br> "it glistened"
|-
! colspan="6;" | Common
|-
| unstressed ''e > i'' || ''kupakurin'' || ''feyhilip'' || ''gawuya'' || ''reykitsit'' ||
|-
| wf. ''-a, -e'' lost || || || ''gawuy'' || ||
|-
| wf. ''-n, -m'' lost || ''kupakurį'' || || || ||
|-
| wf. ''-t'' lost || || || || ''reykitsi'' ||
|-
| i-mutation of ''e, ey, ew'' || || ''fiyhilip'' || || ''riykitsi'' ||
|-
| intervocalic ''y'' lost || || || || ||
|-
| wf. oral short vowels lost || || || || ''riykits'' ||
|-
| i-mutation of ''a, u'' || ''kupakürį'' || || || ||
|-
| a-mutation of ''u'' || ''kopakürį'' || ||  || || ''puporad''
|-
| unstressed diphthongs > long vowels || || || ''gawüü'' || ||
|-
| final-syllable long vowels > short vowels || || || ''gawi'' > ''gäwi'' || ||
|-
! colspan="6;" | Rathmos
|-
| ''ə(ə) > e(e)'' || || || || ||
|-
| loss of nasals before fricatives || || || || ||
|-
| gemination of Cy || || || || ||
|-
| /g/ > /ɣ/ || || || ''ġäwi'' || ||
|-
| ''ts > ss'' || || || || ''riykiss''
|-
| ''p, t, k'' > ''f, þ, h'' and ''b, d'' > ''v, ð'' bef. ''n, m, l, r'' || || || || ||
|-
| fronting of ''a(a), ay'' || ''kopäkürį'' || || || || ''puporäd''
|-
| wf. ''-a'' lost || || || || ||
|-
| loss of nasalisation || ''kopäküri'' || || || ||
|-
| stressed ''ä, e, i > äw, ew, iw'' || || || ''ġäuwi'' || ||
|-
| diphthong changes || || ''fíhilip'' || ''ġäowi'' || ''riikiss'' ||
|-
| palatalisation of ''k, g, sk'' || ''kopächüri'' || || ''ȝäowi'' || ''riichiss'' ||
|-
| i-mutation of ''a(a), e(e), o(o), u(u)'' || || || || |||
|-
| wf. -i, -u mostly lost || ''kopächür'' || || || ||
|-
| unstressed vowel reduction || ''kopchür'' || ''fíhelep'' || ''ȝäowe'' || ''riichess''
|-
| ''h'' loss || || ''fíylep'' || || ||
|-
| medial ''f, s > v, z'', all ''ss > s'' || || || || ''riiches'' ||
|-
| Rathmosian || ''copchyr'' || ''fíylep'' || ''ȝeawe'' || ''ríches'' || ''pupored''
|-
! colspan="6;" | Carrick
|-
| ə(ə) > a(a) || || || || ||
|-
| loss of medial/final ''h'' || || ''fiyilip'' || ||
|-
| loss of nasalisation || ''kopaküri'' || || || ||
|-
|-
| a || Example || Example
| i-mutation of ''a, o, u' || || || || ||
|-
|-
| e || Example || Example
| stressed ''e(e) > ''ya(a)'' || || || || ||
|-
|-
| i || Example || Example
| u-mutation of ''a(a), ya(a), ä(ä), e(e), i(i) || || || || ||
|-
|-
| u || Example || Example
| loss of prevocalic ''y, w'' || || || || ||
|-
|-
| ə || Example || Example
| loss of most wf. vowels || ''kopakür'' || || ''gäw'' || ||
|-
|-
| aa || Example || Example
| unstressed long vowels shortened || || || ||
|-
|-
| ee || Example || Example
| loss of most unstressed vowels || ''kopkür'' || ''fílp'' || || ''riyks'' || ''pupräd''
|-
|-
| ii || Example || Example
| wf. consonants devoiced || || || || ||  ''puprät''
|-
|-
| uu || Example || Example
| ''mp, nk, nt > pp, kk, tt'' || || || ||
|-
|-
| Carrick || ''kopkür'' || ''fílp'' || ''gew'' || ''ríks'' || ''puprät''
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 11:41, 19 February 2024

Common Changes

  • unstressed eC > iC and eyC > iyC
  • word-final, short a, e lost in words of 3 or more syllables: negara > negar
  • loss of word-final nasals -n, -m with nasalisation or preceding vowel, creating new ą, ę, į, ų, ɚ and ąą, ęę, įį, ųų
  • loss of word-final -t
  • raising of e > i, ew > iw and ey > iy before i or y in the next syllable
  • loss of y between vowels and contraction of remaining vowels
  • loss of word-final short, non-nasal vowels in words of 3 or more syllables: negani > negan
  • raising of a(a) > ä(ä), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in the following syllable
  • lowering of u(u) > new vowel o(o) before a(a), ä(ä), ą(ą) in the next syllable: kukad "he eats" > kokad.
  • unstressed diphthongs become long vowels: aw > oo, ay > ee, ew > oo, ey > ee
  • final-syllable long vowels shortened
Pr-Rs Stressed Unstressed Word-Final i-mutated -n/-m
a a a / - ä ą
e e i e / - i į
i i i / - į
u u u / - ü ų
o (bef. a)
ə ə ę
aa aa a ää ą
ee ee e ii ę
ii ii i į
uu uu u üü ų
oo o
aw aw oo o äw -ǫ
ew ew öö e iw -ę
iw iw üü i iw -į
uw uw uu u üw -ų
ay ay ää e äy -ę
ey ey ee e iy -ę
iy iy ii i -į
uy uy üü i uy -ų

The changes described above resulted in the following vowel inventory for the late common period:

Front Central Back
-Round +Round -Round +Round
Close i /i/
ii /iː/
į /ĩ/		 ü /y/
üü /yː/		 u /u/
uu /uː/
ų /ũ/
Mid e /e/
ee /eː/
ę /ẽ/		 ö /ø/
öö /øː/		 ə /ə/ o /o/
oo /oː/
ǫ /õ/
Open ä /æ/
ää /æː/		 a /a/
aa /aː/
ą /ã/

Rathmos Changes

  • ə(ə) > e(e), ɚ > a
  • nasals followed by fricatives are lost, leading to compensatory lengthening and nasalisation of preceding vowel: negans > negąąs
  • Cy > CC, except ry
  • g > /ɣ/ in most positions, except ng, gg
  • ts > ss
  • p, t, k > f, þ, h and b, d > v, ð before n, m, l, r
  • a(a) and ay raised to ä(ä), äy except before -n, -m or before a back vowel (a(a), o(o), u(u)) in the next syllable
    • unstressed äC > eC
  • word-final -a lost
  • nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts
  • stressed ä, e, i > äw, ew, iw before -w, -lC, rC
  • changes to diphthongs: ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo > ea, ey > ee, ew > eo, iy > ii, iw > iü, uw > uu, uy > uü.
  • k, g, sk palatalised to ch /t͡ʃ/, ȝ /ʝ/, sh /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (ä, e, i, ü) or y, or (b) after e, i except when followed by a back vowel: negara > neger > neȝer but neganta > negan
  • i-mutation: a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in next syllable
  • word-final -i, -u lost, except after light monosyllable
  • unstressed vowel reduction:
    • medial syllable: a, ä, e lost, i, u lost after heavy syllable, > e after light syllable, oo > o, other long vowels > short
    • final syllable: ä, i > e, uC > oC, oo > u, other long vowels > short
  • medial h lost before vowels and consonants with compensatory lengthening
  • medial f, s > v, z, ss > s

Carrick Changes

  • ə(ə), ɚ > a
  • nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts
  • i-mutation: a(a) > ä(ä), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in next syllable
  • stressed e(e) > ja(a), except after l, w
  • u-mutation: a(a) > o(o), ja(a) > jo(o), ä(ä) > œ(œ), e(e) > ö(ö), i(i) > ü(ü)
  • y lost before front vowels and w before back vowels, except a
  • devoicing of word-final consonants
  • mp, nk, nt > pp, kk, tt

Summary of Vowel Changes

Change kupakuren
"smell" (loc.pl.)		 feyhilep
"fighter" (dat.sg.)		 gawuya
"feast" (gen.sg.)		 reykitset
"he loves you"		 pupurad
"it glistened"
Common
unstressed e > i kupakurin feyhilip gawuya reykitsit
wf. -a, -e lost gawuy
wf. -n, -m lost kupakurį
wf. -t lost reykitsi
i-mutation of e, ey, ew fiyhilip riykitsi
intervocalic y lost
wf. oral short vowels lost riykits
i-mutation of a, u kupakürį
a-mutation of u kopakürį puporad
unstressed diphthongs > long vowels gawüü
final-syllable long vowels > short vowels gawi > gäwi
Rathmos
ə(ə) > e(e)
loss of nasals before fricatives
gemination of Cy
/g/ > /ɣ/ ġäwi
ts > ss riykiss
p, t, k > f, þ, h and b, d > v, ð bef. n, m, l, r
fronting of a(a), ay kopäkürį puporäd
wf. -a lost
loss of nasalisation kopäküri
stressed ä, e, i > äw, ew, iw ġäuwi
diphthong changes fíhilip ġäowi riikiss
palatalisation of k, g, sk kopächüri ȝäowi riichiss
i-mutation of a(a), e(e), o(o), u(u)
wf. -i, -u mostly lost kopächür
unstressed vowel reduction kopchür fíhelep ȝäowe riichess
h loss fíylep
medial f, s > v, z, all ss > s riiches
Rathmosian copchyr fíylep ȝeawe ríches pupored
Carrick
ə(ə) > a(a)
loss of medial/final h fiyilip
loss of nasalisation kopaküri
i-mutation of a, o, u'
stressed e(e) > ya(a)
u-mutation of a(a), ya(a), ä(ä), e(e), i(i)
loss of prevocalic y, w
loss of most wf. vowels kopakür gäw
unstressed long vowels shortened
loss of most unstressed vowels kopkür fílp riyks pupräd
wf. consonants devoiced puprät
mp, nk, nt > pp, kk, tt
Carrick kopkür fílp gew ríks puprät
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