Proto-Zanahic

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Introduction

Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/
Stop voiceless p /p/ t /t/ k /k/ /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /ɡ/
ejective /pʼ/ /tʼ/ /kʼ/
Affricate voiceless s /ts/
voiced z /dz/
ejective /tsʼ/
Fricative ś /s/ š /ɕ/ h /h/
Trill r /r/
Approximant l /l/ y /j/ w /w/

Vowels and Syllabics

Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close i /i/ u /u/ ī /iː/ ū /uː/
Mid e /ɛ/ ē /ɛː/
Open a /a/ o /ɒ/ ā /aː/ ō /ɒː/
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
/i/ /u/ /i/ /u/
/ɛ/ ey /ɛi/ ew /ɛu/ ēy /ɛːi/ ēw /ɛːu/
/a/ ay /ai/ aw /au/ āy /aːi/ āw /aːu/
/ɒ/ oy /ɒi/ ow /ɒu/ ōy /ɒːi/ ōw /ɒːu/
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
Consonant Short Long
/m/ /m̩/ m̥̄ /m̩ː/
/n/ /n̩/ n̥̄ /n̩ː/
/r/ /r̩/ r̥̄ /r̩ː/
/l/ /l̩/ l̥̄ /l̩ː/

Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.

Orthography

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

(IN PROGRESS)

Nominals

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns

- There are two genders: masculine and feminine.The feminine is most often marked with the ending .

Numerals

Zanahi numerals
Symbol Cardinal number Stem
masc. fem.
0 ṣifr ṣifr-
1 ‘ayn ‘aynā ‘ayn-
2 ṭuwā ṭuw-
3 tarayā tarē taray-
4 kaṯurā kaṯur kaṯur-
5 pankā pank pank-
6 šaššā šašš šašš-
7 haftā haft haft-
8 ‘aṣṭā ‘aṣṭ ‘aṣṭ-
9 nawā naw-
10 ṭasā ṭas ṭas-
11 ‘ayn ṭas ‘aynā ṭasā ‘ayn- ṭas
12 ṭuwā ṭas ṭuwā ṭasā ṭuw- ṭas
13 tarayā ṭas tarē ṭasā taray- ṭas
14 kaṯurā ṭas kaṯur ṭasā kaṯur- ṭas
15 pankā ṭas pank ṭasā pank- ṭas
16 šaššā ṭas šašš ṭasā šašš- ṭas
17 haftā ṭas haft ṭasā haft- ṭas
18 ‘aṣṭā ṭas ‘aṣṭ ṭasā ‘aṣṭ- ṭas
19 nawā ṭas nō ṭasā naw- ṭas
20 ṭasīn ṭasīn-
21 ‘ayn wa-ṭasīn ‘aynā wa-ṭasīn ‘ayn- wa-ṭasīn
30 tarayīn tarayīn-
40 kaṯurīn kaṯurīn-
50 pankīn pankīn-
60 šaššīn šaššīn-
70 haftīn haftīn-
80 ‘aṣṭīn ‘aṣṭīn-
90 nawīn nawīn-
100 sint sint-
200 ṭuwā sintīn ṭuwā sint-
1000 ’alf ’alf-
2000 ṭuwā ’alfīn ṭuwā ’alf-

Ordinal numbers are formed with the nisba suffix -iyy (feminine: -iyyā) added to the number's stem, with the following exceptions:

  • The ordinal equivalent of ‘ayn "one" is partam "first". Its opposite is aftam "last".
  • Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in -īn is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources