Introduction
Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels and Syllabics
Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
|
|
Short
|
Long
|
| Front
|
Back
|
Front
|
Back
|
| Close
|
*i /i/
|
*u /u/
|
*ī /iː/
|
*ū /uː/
|
| Mid
|
*e /ɛ/
|
|
*ē /ɛː/
|
|
| Open
|
*a /a/
|
*o /ɒ/
|
*ā /aː/
|
*ō /ɒː/
|
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
|
|
Short
|
Long
|
| /i/
|
/u/
|
/i/
|
/u/
|
| /ɛ/
|
*ey /ɛi/
|
*ew /ɛu/
|
*ēy /ɛːi/
|
*ēw /ɛːu/
|
| /a/
|
*ay /ai/
|
*aw /au/
|
*āy /aːi/
|
*āw /aːu/
|
| /ɒ/
|
*oy /ɒi/
|
*ow /ɒu/
|
*ōy /ɒːi/
|
*ōw /ɒːu/
|
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
| Consonant
|
Short
|
Long
|
| */m/
|
*m̥ /m̩/
|
*m̥̄ /m̩ː/
|
| */n/
|
*n̥ /n̩/
|
*n̥̄ /n̩ː/
|
| */r/
|
*r̥ /r̩/
|
*r̥̄ /r̩ː/
|
| */l/
|
*l̥ /l̩/
|
*l̥̄ /l̩ː/
|
| */ʔ/
|
*ə /ə/
|
*əʔ /əʔ/
|
Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.
Orthography
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
(IN PROGRESS)
Nominals
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
| Person |
Number |
Gender |
Nominative |
Accusative |
Instrumental |
Dative |
Ablative |
Genitive |
Locative
|
| 1 |
S |
M/F
|
*ʔeṣ |
*me |
|
|
*meṭ |
|
| D
|
|
| P
|
*weyeh |
*n̥hm-
|
| 2 |
S |
M/F
|
*tuʔ |
*te |
|
|
|
|
| D
|
|
| P
|
yūʔ |
*ušm- |
|
| 3 |
S |
M
|
|
| F
|
| N
|
| D |
M
|
| F
|
| N
|
| P |
M
|
| F
|
| N
|
Demonstrative pronouns
.
Numerals
Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
| Symbol |
Cardinal number |
Ordinal number
|
| masc. |
fem. |
neuter
|
| 1
|
*ʔoynoh |
*ʔoynaʔ |
*ʔoynom |
*pr̥ʔtm̥moh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 2
|
*ṭuwoʔ |
*ṭuwaʔi |
*ṭuwoʔ |
*ṭwitiyoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 3
|
*treyeh |
*treyeh |
*treyā |
*tr̥tiyoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 4
|
*ketureh |
*ketureh |
*keturaʔ |
*keturtoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 5
|
*penke |
*penketoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 6
|
*šecš |
*šecštoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 7
|
*heptm̥ |
*heptm̥moh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 8
|
*ʔoctō |
*ʔoctowoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 9
|
*newn̥ |
*newn̥noh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 10
|
*ṭecm̥ |
*ṭecm̥toh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 20
|
*ṭwiʔcn̥ti
|
| 30
|
*triʔcont
|
| 40
|
*ketwr̥ʔcont
|
| 50
|
*penkeʔcont
|
| 60
|
*šecšcont
|
| 70
|
*heptm̥ʔcont
|
| 80
|
*ʔoctōʔcont
|
| 90
|
*newn̥ʔcont
|
| 100
|
*cn̥tom
|
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
- holwoh monewʔom muktōn homʔōnke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor.
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.
Other resources