Proto-Zanahic

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Introduction

Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Stop voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/ /ʔ/
voiced *b /b/ *d /d/ *g /ɡ/
ejective *ṗ /pʼ/ *ṭ /tʼ/ *ḳ /kʼ/
Affricate voiceless *s /ts/
voiced *z /dz/
ejective *ṣ /tsʼ/
Fricative /ɕ ~ ç/ *h /h ~ x ~ θ/
Trill *r /r/
Approximant *l /l/ *y /j/ *w /w/

Vowels and Syllabics

Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close *i /i/ *u /u/ /iː/ /uː/
Mid *e /ɛ/ /ɛː/
Open *a /a/ *o /ɒ/ /aː/ /ɒː/
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
/i/ /u/ /i/ /u/
/ɛ/ *ey /ɛi/ *ew /ɛu/ *ēy /ɛːi/ *ēw /ɛːu/
/a/ *ay /ai/ *aw /au/ *āy /aːi/ *āw /aːu/
/ɒ/ *oy /ɒi/ *ow /ɒu/ *ōy /ɒːi/ *ōw /ɒːu/
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
Consonant Short Long
*/m/ *m̥ /m̩/ *m̥̄ /m̩ː/
*/n/ *n̥ /n̩/ *n̥̄ /n̩ː/
*/r/ *r̥ /r̩/ *r̥̄ /r̩ː/
*/l/ *l̥ /l̩/ *l̥̄ /l̩ː/
*/ʔ/ /ə/ *əʔ /əʔ/

Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.

Orthography

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

(IN PROGRESS)

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
Person Number Gender Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Clitic Possessive pronoun
1 S M/F *ʔéṣ *mé *móy *mébi *méṭ *méme *móy *me *móh, -áʔ, -óm
D *wéʔ *n̥ʔwé *n̥ʔúboʔ *n̥ʔwéy *n̥ʔwéṭ *n̥ʔówš *n̥ʔwí *nō̆ʔ *n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
P *wéyeh *n̥hmé *n̥hm̥bíš *n̥hméy *n̥hméṭ *n̥hóʔom *n̥hméy *nō̆h *n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
2 S M/F *túʔ *twé *tóy *tébi *twéṭ *téwe *tóy *te *twóh, -áʔ, -óm
D *yúʔ *uʔwé *uʔúboʔ *uʔwéy *uʔwéṭ *uʔówš *uʔwí *wō̆ʔ *uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
P *yū́h *ušmé *ušm̥bíš *ušméy *ušméṭ *ušóʔom *ušmí *wō̆h *ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
Refl. All All *hwé *hóy *hébi *hwéṭ *héwe *hóy *he *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm


Demonstrative pronouns

Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic demonstrative *hóh "he, that"
Number Gender Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative
S M *hóh *hóm *héynoʔ *héhmey *héhmeṭ *héhyo *héhmi
F *híʔ *híʔm *háʔʔe *héhyaʔay *héhyaʔaṭ *héhyaʔah *héhyaʔ
N *hóṭ *hóṭ *héynoʔ *héhmey *héhmeṭ *héhyo *héhmi
D M *hóʔ *hóʔ *héyboʔ *héyʔowš
F *híʔʔe *híʔboʔ *híʔboʔowš
N *hóy *hóy *héyboʔ *héyʔowš
P M *hṓh *hónh *héybiš *héymoh *héymoh *héyšoʔom *héyšu
F *híʔah *híʔn̥h *híʔbiš *híʔmoh *híʔmoh *híʔoʔom *híʔšu
N *háʔ *háʔ *héybiš *héymoh *héymoh *héyšoʔom *héyšu

Similarly declined are:

  • *tóh "that, he"
  • *sóh "this"
  • *yóh "that, which (relative)"
  • *kóh "what, which (interrogative)"
  • *ʔályoh "(an)other"
  • *ʔánoh "that (over there)"

Adjectives

o/aʔ-stem adjectives

Proto-Zanahi reconstructed o/aʔ-stem adjective declension
Number Gender Nominative Vocative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative
S M *-oh *-e *-om *-oʔ *-ōy *-ōṭ *-ohyo *-ey
F *-aʔ *-aʔm *-aʔʔe *-aʔay *-aʔaṭ *-aʔah *-aʔ
N *-om *-oʔ *-ōy *-ōṭ *-ohyo *-ey
D M *-oʔ *-oboʔ *-oʔowš
F *-aʔʔe *-aʔboʔ *-aʔboʔowš
N *-oy *-oboʔ *-oʔowš
P M *-ōh -onh *-obiš *-omoh *-omoh *-oʔom *-oyšu
F *-aʔah *-aʔn̥h *-aʔbiš *-aʔmoh *-aʔmoh *-aʔoʔom *-aʔšu
N *-aʔ *-obiš *-omoh *-omoh *-oʔom *-oyšu

.

Numerals

Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
Symbol Cardinal number Ordinal number
masc. fem. neuter
1 *ʔóynoh *ʔóynaʔ *ʔóynom *pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
2 *ṭwóʔ *ṭwáʔʔe *ṭwóʔ *ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om
3 *tréyeh (oblique stem: *tri-) *tríʔ *tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om
4 *ketwóreh (oblique stem: *ketur-) *ketwṓr (oblique stem: *ketur-) *keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm
5 *pénke *penketóh, -áʔ, -óm
6 *šésš *šesštóh, -áʔ, -óm
7 *heptḿ̥ *heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
8 *ʔostṓ *ʔostowóh, -áʔ, -óm
9 *néwn̥ *newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm
10 *ṭésm̥ *ṭesn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
20 *ṭwíʔsn̥ti *ṭwiʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
30 *triʔsónt *triʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
40 *ketursónt *ketursn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
50 *penkeʔsónt *penkeʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
60 *šesšsónt *šesšsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
70 *heptm̥ʔsónt *heptm̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
80 *ʔoctōʔsónt *ʔoctōʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
90 *newn̥ʔsónt *newn̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
100 *sn̥tóm
1000 *zéhlom

Verbs

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

  • holwoh monewoʔom muktonh homʔonhke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. ???-ṭoʔ-??? ???-ker-??? ???-braʔter-taʔt-???
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.

Other resources