Pulqer: Difference between revisions

Pulqer (view source)

Revision as of 15:42, 25 October 2020

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→‎Verbs

Psammead

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 ===Verbs===
-Verbs fall into one of three classes, categorised by their thematic vowel, found in the infinitive:
+====Verb Stems and Classes====
-* '''''E'' verbs''' have an infinitive in ''-el'', e.g. ''amel'' "to love, ''stel'' "to be", ''kantel'' "to sing"
+Regular verbs are mostly agglutinative, formed from a stem with the addition of affixes to indicate person, number, tense and mood. Many verbs have only one stem, used in all forms, e.g. ''timil'' "to fear", ''tim'' "fears", ''timi'' "feared", ''timent'' "fearing" etc.
-* '''''I'' verbs''' have an infinitive in''-il'', e.g. ''lukil'' "to grieve", ''katil'' "fall", ''itnil'' "to light"
-* '''''Y'' verbs''' have an infinitive in ''-yl'', e.g. ''nakyl'' "to injure", ''arityl'' "to laugh", ''eśyl'' "to be".
-Verbal stems are taken from the infinitive by removing the ending ''-el, -il, -yl'', except in certain irregular cases (e.g. ''eśyl'').
+Some verbs, however, show vowel alternation between two different stems known as the '''past stem''' and the '''present stem'''. In such cases, a verb with ''a'' in the past stem with have ''e'' in the present while a verb with ''e'' in the past will have ''i'' in the present. For example, ''ame'' "loved" but ''em'' "loves", ''peti'' "asked" but ''pet'' "asks".
+It should also be noted that stems ending in ''-h'' drop this when it is word-final, e.g. ''rahe'' "washed" but ''re'' "wash".
+Pulqer stems are conjugated according to three classes, categorised by their thematic vowel, found in the infinitive:
+* '''''E'' verbs''' have an infinitive in ''-el'', formed on the past stem e.g. ''amel'' "to love, ''stel'' "to be", ''kantel'' "to sing"
+* '''''I'' verbs''' have an infinitive in''-il'', formed on the past stem e.g. ''lukil'' "to grieve", ''katil'' "fall", ''itnil'' "to light"
+* '''''Y'' verbs''' have an infinitive in ''-yl'', formed on the present stem e.g. ''natsyl'' "to injure", ''arityl'' "to laugh", ''eśtyl'' "to be".
+Verb forms are usually given with the infinitive and Present Indicative sg, e.g. ''amel, em'' "love".
+====Regular Conjugation====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! style="width: 100px"  | Mood
+!  colspan="2;" | Tense
+! style="width: 100px"  | E-Verbs
+! style="width: 100px"  | I-Verbs
+! style="width: 100px"  | Y-Verbs
+|-
+! rowspan="4;" | Indicative
+! rowspan="2;" style="width: 100px" | Present
+! Sg
+| style="background: pink;" | -Ø
+| style="background: pink;" | -Ø
+| style="background: pink;" | -Ø
+|-
+! Pl
+| style="background: pink;" | ''-an''
+| style="background: pink;" | ''-en''
+| style="background: pink;" | ''-en''
+|-
+|-
+! rowspan="2;" | Past
+! Sg
+| -''e''
+| -''i''
+| -''i''
+|-
+! Pl
+| ''-ean''
+| ''-ien''
+| ''-ien''
+|-
+! rowspan="4;" | Subjunctive
+! rowspan="2;" | Present
+! Sg
+| -''er''
+| ''-ir''
+| -''yr''
+|-
+! Pl
+|''-eran''
+| ''-iren''
+| ''-(y)ren''
+|-
+! rowspan="2;" | Past
+! Sg
+| -''as''
+| -''is''
+| -''is''
+|-
+! Pl
+| ''-asan'' (pl.)
+| ''-isen'' (pl.)
+| ''-isen'' (pl.)
+|-
+! colspan="2;" rowspan="2;" | Imperative
+! Sg
+| style="background: pink;" | -Ø
+| style="background: pink;" | -Ø
+| style="background: pink;" | -Ø
+|-
+! Pl
+| ''-et''
+| ''-it''
+| ''-it''
+|-
+! colspan="3;" | Infinitive
+| ''-el''
+| ''-il''
+| ''-yl''
+|-
+! colspan="3;" | Present Participle
+| ''-ant''
+| ''-ent''
+| ''-ent''
+|-
+! colspan="3;" | Past Participle
+| ''-et''
+| ''-it''
+| ''-yt''
+|}
+Verbal stems are taken from the infinitive by removing the ending ''-el, -il, -yl''.
 ====Non-Finite Forms====