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Pulqer: Difference between revisions
→Verbs
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Regular verbs are mostly agglutinative, formed from a stem with the addition of affixes to indicate person, number, tense and mood. Many verbs have only one stem, used in all forms, e.g. ''timil'' "to fear", ''tim'' "fears", ''timi'' "feared", ''timent'' "fearing" etc. | Regular verbs are mostly agglutinative, formed from a stem with the addition of affixes to indicate person, number, tense and mood. Many verbs have only one stem, used in all forms, e.g. ''timil'' "to fear", ''tim'' "fears", ''timi'' "feared", ''timent'' "fearing" etc. | ||
Some verbs, however, show vowel alternation between two different stems known as the '''past stem''' and the '''present stem'''. In such cases, a verb with ''a'' in the past stem with have ''e'' in the present while a verb with ''e'' in the past will have ''i'' in the present. For example, ''ame'' "loved" but ''em'' "loves", ''peti'' "asked" but ''pet'' " | Some verbs, however, show vowel alternation between two different stems known as the '''past stem''' and the '''present stem'''. In such cases, a verb with ''a'' in the past stem with have ''e'' in the present while a verb with ''e'' in the past will have ''i'' in the present. For example, ''ame'' "loved" but ''em'' "loves", ''peti'' "asked" but ''pit'' "asks". | ||
:: <small>Note: this vowel alternation is strictly adhered to in the literary language and in higher registers but is becoming more uncommon in the spoken language, where the past tense form is used throughout, e.g. ''am'' "love", ''pet'' "ask".</small> | |||
It should also be noted that stems ending in ''-h'' drop this when it is word-final, e.g. ''rahe'' "washed" but ''re'' "wash". | It should also be noted that stems ending in ''-h'' drop this when it is word-final, e.g. ''rahe'' "washed" but ''re'' "wash". | ||
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 100px" | ! style="width: 100px" | Mood | ||
! | ! colspan="2;" | Tense | ||
! style="width: 100px" | ! style="width: 100px" | E-Verbs | ||
! style="width: 100px" | ! style="width: 100px" | I-Verbs | ||
! style="width: 100px" | ! style="width: 100px" | Y-Verbs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4;" | Indicative | ! rowspan="4;" | Indicative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Pl | ! Pl | ||
| ''-asan'' | | ''-asan'' | ||
| ''-isen'' | | ''-isen'' | ||
| ''-isen'' | | ''-isen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2;" rowspan="2;" | Imperative | ! colspan="2;" rowspan="2;" | Imperative | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Irregular Verbs==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Mood | |||
! colspan="2;" | Tense | |||
! style="width: 100px" | ''el'' "to have" | |||
! style="width: 100px" | ''hel'' "to do" | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Y-Verbs | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4;" | Indicative | |||
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 100px" | Present | |||
! Sg | |||
| style="background: pink;" | ''a'' | |||
| style="background: pink;" | ''hai'' | |||
| style="background: pink;" | -Ø | |||
|- | |||
! Pl | |||
| style="background: pink;" | ''aun'' | |||
| style="background: pink;" | ''han'' | |||
| style="background: pink;" | ''-en'' | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2;" | Past | |||
! Sg | |||
| ''(h)ai'' | |||
| ''he'' | |||
| ''i'' | |||
|- | |||
! Pl | |||
| ''(h)aian'' | |||
| ''hean'' | |||
| ''-ien'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4;" | Subjunctive | |||
! rowspan="2;" | Present | |||
! Sg | |||
| ''(h)air'' | |||
| ''her'' | |||
| -''yr'' | |||
|- | |||
! Pl | |||
|''(h)airen'' | |||
| ''heren'' | |||
| ''-(y)ren'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2;" | Past | |||
! Sg | |||
| ''(h)ais'' | |||
| ''hais'' | |||
| ''is'' | |||
|- | |||
! Pl | |||
| ''(h)aisen'' (pl.) | |||
| ''-isen'' (pl.) | |||
| ''-isen'' (pl.) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2;" rowspan="2;" | Imperative | |||
! Sg | |||
| style="background: pink;" | hai | |||
| style="background: pink;" | -Ø | |||
| style="background: pink;" | -Ø | |||
|- | |||
! Pl | |||
| ''hait'' | |||
| ''-it'' | |||
| ''-it'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3;" | Infinitive | |||
| ''el'' | |||
| ''-il'' | |||
| ''-yl'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3;" | Present Participle | |||
| ''haint'' | |||
| ''-ent'' | |||
| ''-ent'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3;" | Past Participle | |||
| ''hait'' | |||
| ''-it'' | |||
| ''-yt'' | |||
|} | |||
====Non-Finite Forms==== | ====Non-Finite Forms==== | ||