Pulqer/History: Difference between revisions

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Line 26: Line 26:
** ''d > t > th''
** ''d > t > th''
** ''g > k > kh''
** ''g > k > kh''
** ''qu > qh > vh'' /ʍ/
** ''gu > q(u) > qh(u)'' //
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.

Revision as of 19:00, 24 April 2020

  • Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. auris > auricula > oricla.


Vulgar Latin Changes

The following changes were underway already in Vulgar Latin when it reached Jacques in 3rd century:

  • Syncope of unstressed vowels adjacent to glides, e.g. solidus > soldus.
  • Change of prevocalic /e, i/ > /j/, e.g. filia > filja.
  • Merger of /b, w/ as allophonic /b ~ β/, e.g. bibere > bivere.
  • Loss of h, e.g. hominem > ominem.
  • Loss of final consonants, e.g. mūrum > mūru.
  • Assimilation of ns > s with compensatory lengthening, e.g. mensa > mēsa > mẹsa
  • Assimilation of rs > ss, e.g. ursus > ussu
  • Loss of vowel quantity
  • Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ratione > ratsone
  • Palatalisation of c, g before i, e.g. cippus > tsippu

Old Pulqer Changes

A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly.

  • High mid vowels ẹ, ọ merge with high vowels i, u, e.g. mesa > misa, dracọ > trakhu
  • Low-mid ǫ becomes:
    • u before v and merges, e.g. fovea > fuja
    • ą /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. rota > arątha, homine > ąmine
  • Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. cadere > khatere
    • b > p > ph (word-initial v- also > p)
    • d > t > th
    • g > k > kh
    • gu > q(u) > qh(u) /kʷ/
  • Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. j, gi) becomes /t͡ʃ/.
  • Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of s, v, b) are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with f, e.g. bibere > pifere, casa /kaːza/ > khaesa.
  • Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. octō > attu
    • mn > nn
    • ct > tt
    • x /ks/ > ss
  • Prothesis before word-initial r- or sC-, e.g. rẹge > arike, stella > astella

The following are later developments within OP.

  • Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. car'tate > kharthaethe
    • a > ae /ae > ɛː/
    • e > ei /ɛi/
    • i > ie /iə > iː/ (except before r, l)
    • ą > au /ɑə > ɑː/
    • u > ue /uə > uː/ (except before r, l)
  • /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. o, e.g. auru > auru /ɑːru/; short ą merges with a.
  • All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. aumine > aunne
  • Syllabic liquids ḷ, ṛ develop between other consonants, e.g. sacramentum > sakhṛmentu

Middle Pulqer Changes

  • Geminate resonants (ll, rr, nn, mm) are preoccluded (> tl, tr, tn, pm, e.g. khapallu > khapatlu.
  • Excrescent t is inserted between other resonants or between s + resonant, e.g. esre > estre,
  • Final vowels are lost, e.g. mueru > muer
  • vh merges with f
  • f becomes h, e.g. filtś > hiltś
    • f is probably already lost before u, e.g. fulpr > ulpr
    • new medial h is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ifant > ihant > hiant)
    • mf (< earlier mvh < L. nqu, ngu) > mp, e.g. limf > limpf > limp
    • sf (< earlier svh < L. squ) > sp, e.g. svhaem > spaem
  • Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. khatth > khath
  • r and l become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. phlutś > phrutś.

Modern Pulqer Changes

  • Loss of vowel quantity, e.g. autn > atn
    • ae > e
    • ei > i
    • ie > i
      • but > ia before r, l, e.g. miel > mial
    • au > a
    • ue > u
      • but > ua before r, l, e.g. muer > muar
  • Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (th, kh, ph > t, k, p), e.g. khath > kat.
  • Development of epenthetic vowel y /ə/, e.g. kapatl > kapatyl
  • (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. kapatyl > kapat (except infinitives).