Pulqer/Old Pulqer: Difference between revisions

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* Plosives and fricatives may not occur as geminates.
* Plosives and fricatives may not occur as geminates.
* Liquids (/n, m, l, r/) may be geminated and are written double, e.g. ''nn, rr'' etc.
* Liquids (/n, m, l, r/) may be geminated and are written double, e.g. ''nn, rr'' etc.
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns are marked for gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural) and case (Nominative-Accusative or Genitive-Dative). These are marked on the noun with suffixes according to three declensions:
: '''1. A-Stems (feminine)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3;" | ''filtśa'' "daughter"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc.
| ''filtśa''
| ''filtśe''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
|'' filtśe''
| ''filtśi''
|}
: '''2. U-Stems (masculine)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3;" | ''mueru'' "wall"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc.
| ''mueru''
| rowspan="2;" | ''mueri''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''mueri''
|}
: '''3. E-Stems (masculine & feminine)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3;" | ''ifante'' "baby"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc.
| ''ifante''
| ''ifanti''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''ifanti''
| ''ifantu''
|}
===Articles===
There are both definite (''isu'') and indefinite (''unu'') articles, declined in much the same way as nouns and agreeing in gender, number and case with the noun they qualify. ''Unu'' occurs only in the singular.
: '''''isu'' (definite article)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2;" | Masculine
! colspan="2;" | Feminine
|-
!
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''isu''
| rowspan="2; | ''isi
| ''isa''
| ''ise''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''isi''
| ''ise''
| ''isi''
|}
Examples:
* ''isu unne'' "the man"
* ''isa filtśa te isi unni'' "the man's daughter"
* ''ise khatte'' "the cats"
: '''''unu'' (indefinite article)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
!  Masculine
!  Feminine
|-
!
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''unu''
| ''una''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''uni''
| ''une''
|}
Examples:
* ''unu unne'' "a man"
* ''at une khaese'' "to a house"
* ''una arpre'' "a tree"
===Adjectives===
Positive adjectives are declined in much the same way as nouns and agree in gender, number and case with the noun they qualify. There are two declensions for adjectives: the first takes ''u''-stem endings for masculine nouns and ''a''-stem endings with feminine nouns; the second follows the ''e''-stem endings end does not differ for gender. Adjectives follow their head noun.
: '''A/U-Stems'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" rowspan="2;" | ''puenu'' <br /> "good"
! colspan="2;" | Masculine
! colspan="2;" | Feminine
|-
! style="width: 120px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 120px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 120px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 120px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''puenu''
| rowspan="2; | ''pueni''
| ''puena''
| ''puene''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''pueni''
| ''puene''
| ''pueni''
|}
Examples:
* ''isu unne puenu'' "the good man"
* ''isa tśaena mantśa'' "the big door"
* ''aratsueni pueni'' "good reasons"
: '''E-Stems'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" rowspan="2;" | ''thriste'' <br /> "sad"
! colspan="2;" | Masculine/Feminine
|-
! style="width: 120px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 120px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''thriste''
| ''thristi''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''thristi''
| ''thristu''
|}
Examples:
* ''isu unne thriste'' "the sad man"
* ''ise tśaene pirte'' "the green doors"
* ''isa filtśa filiekke te une finne thristi'' "the happy daughter of a sad woman"
====Comparison====
The comparative of regular adjectives may be formed with the adverbs ''mai'' "more" or ''mankku'' "less" followed by the positive adjective:
* ''mai filiekke'' "happier"
* ''mankku thriste'' "less sad"
* ''mai nu'' "newer"
The object of comparison is introduced with ''qha'', e.g. ''mai khaltu qha fuekku'' "hotter than fire".
The superlative is formed in the same way with the article preceding either the adverb (in predicates) or the noun (in attributes):
* ''Martsu es isu mai filiekke'' "Martsu is the happiest"
* ''isa nutte mai lunku'' "the longest night"
* ''ise phersuene mai thristi te isu muntu'' "the saddest people in the world"
The following adjectives have irregular comparative forms:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 150px;" |
! style="width: 120px;" | Comparative
! style="width: 120px;" | Superlative
|-
| ''puenu'' "good" || ''meltśuere'' || ''isu meltśuere''
|-
| ''maelu'' "bad" || ''petśuere'' || ''isu petśuere''
|-
| ''tśuene'' "young" || ''tśuntśuere'' || ''isu tśuntśuere''
|-
| ''mantśu'' "big" || ''matśuere'' || ''isu matśuere''
|}
===Numerals===
====Cardinals====
Cardinals are placed before the noun they qualify and most are indeclinable. Only ''unu'' "one", ''tuu'' "two", or compounds ending in these numerals (e.g. ''pintiunu'' "21") are declined, agreeing in gender, number and case with the following noun. As with English, nouns following "one" are in the singular and all other nouns, including those following compounds of "one" are in the plural. Thus, when followed by a noun, a numeral like ''pintiunu'' will always be in the plural (e.g. ''pintiuni khaeni'' "21 dogs". Note that ''khentu'' "hundred" does not decline, but the plural ''-kkenti'' used in compounds has feminine forms ''-kkente'' (NApl) and ''-kkenti'' (GDpl), e.g. ''tukkenti unni'' "two hundred men", ''tukkente finne'' "two hundred women".
====Ordinals====
The ordinal numerals are adjectives that decline like any other and usually follow the noun they modify, agreeing in gender, case and number with that noun. Note that ''phriemu'' "first" means simply the first in a series when following the noun, but means "foremost, superior" when preceding (e.g. ''isu phriemu arike'' "the foremost king" vs. ''isu arike phriemu'' "the first man").
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Cardinal
! style="width: 100px;" | Ordinal
|-
! 1
| ''unu, una''
| ''phriemu''
|-
! 2
| ''tuu, tua''
| ''sekkuntu''
|-
! 3
| ''thri''
| ''thertsu''
|-
! 4
| ''qattru''
| ''qartu''
|-
! 5
| ''tsinqe''
| ''qintu''
|-
! 6
| ''ses''
| ''sestu''
|-
! 7
| ''sette''
| ''settimu''
|-
! 8
| ''uttu''
| ''uttaepu, uttimu''
|-
! 9
| ''nuepe''
| ''nunu, nuepimu''
|-
! 10
| ''tekke''
| ''tetsimu''
|-
! 11
| ''untsi''
| ''untsimu''
|-
! 12
| ''tutsi''
| ''tutsimu''
|-
! 13
| ''thretsi''
| ''thretsimu''
|-
! 14
| ''qatuertsi''
| ''qatuertsimu''
|-
! 15
| ''qintsi''
| ''qintsimu''
|-
! 16
| ''sitsi''
| ''sitsimu''
|-
! 17
| ''tekkesette''
| ''tekkesettimu
|-
! 18
| ''tekkuttu''
| ''tekkuttimu''
|-
! 19
| ''tekkenupe''
| ''tekkenupimu''
|-
! 20
| ''pinti''
| ''pikkismu'', ''pintimu''
|-
! 21
| ''pintiunu''
| ''pintiunimu''
|-
! 22
| ''pintituu''
| ''pintituimu''
|-
! 23
| ''pintittri''
| ''pintittrimu''
|-
! 30
| ''thrinta''
| ''thrintimu''
|-
! 40
| ''qarainta''
| ''qaraintimu''
|-
! 50
| ''tsinqainta''
| ''tsinqaintimu''
|-
! 60
| ''sesainta''
| ''sesaintimu''
|-
! 70
| ''settainta''
| ''settaintimu''
|-
! 80
| ''uttainta''
| ''uttaintimu''
|-
! 90
| ''nunainta''
| ''nunaintimu''
|-
! 100
| ''khentu''
| ''khentimu''
|-
! 101
| ''khentu unu''
| ''khentu phrimu''
|-
! 102
| ''khentu tuu''
| ''khentu sekkuntu''
|-
! 200
| ''tukkenti''
| ''tukkentimu''
|-
! 300
| ''thrikkenti''
| ''thrikkentimu''
|-
! 1000
| ''mille''
| ''millimu''
|-
! 2000
| ''tumille''
| ''tumillimu''
|}
====Fractions====
Most fractions are identical to their ordinal form, e.g. ''unu thertsu'' "one third", ''qattru sesti'' "four sixths", ''thri qarti'' "three quarters". The word for "half" is ''metśu''.
There are extended nominal forms indicating standard parts of a whole, ''meittatte'' "half", ''thertsaertśu'' "third", ''qartaertśu'' "quarter", ''tsintaertśu'' "fifth", ''sestaertśu'' "sixth".
====Multiplicatives====
Multiplicatives are formed from the cardinal numerals followed by the feminine noun ''pieke'' "time" (pl. ''pieki''), e.g. ''una pieke'' "once", ''tua pieki'' "twice", ''thri pieki'' "thrice" etc.
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
Personal pronouns are marked for gender, number and case, though they do not follow the same Nom-Acc. and Gen-Dat. distinction as other parts of speech. Personal pronouns proper are only declined according to Nom., Acc. or Dat., agreeing with the referent.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2;" | 1st
! colspan="2;" | 2nd
! colspan="2;" | 3rd (m / f)
! colspan="2;" | Reflexive
|-
!
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom.
| ''tśu''
| rowspan="2;" | ''nu''
| ''thu''
| rowspan="2;" | ''pu''
| rowspan="2;" | ''isu / isa''
| rowspan="2;" | ''isi / ise''
| colspan="2;" | -
|-
! Acc.
| rowspan="2;" | ''mi''
| rowspan="2;" | ''thi''
| colspan="2;" | ''si''
|-
! Dat.
| ''nupi''
| ''pupi''
| ''isi / ise''
| ''isi''
| colspan="2;" | ''sipi''
|}
====Possessive Pronouns====
The possessive pronouns are really adjectives that decline much like any other, agreeing in gender, case and number with the noun they modify. They may be used pronominally as a predicate (e.g. ''{THIS} es thuu'' "this is yours", or adjectivally preceding a noun (e.g. ''thua matre'' "your mother"). There are different pronouns for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons in singular and plural, but no distinction is made between the gender of the 'subject'. The basic (masc. sing.) forms are ''meu'' "my", ''theu'' "thy, you (sg)", ''seu'' "his, her, its", ''nustru'' "our", ''pustru'' "your (pl.)" and ''isuru'' "their". For example, ''seu khaene'' "his dog" vs ''sua khatta'' "his cat" vs ''sue pakke'' "his cows" vs ''at sue khaese'' "to his house".
The full declension is shown below:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2;  |
! colspan="2;" | Masculine
! colspan="2;" | Feminine
|-
! colspan="2;  |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! style="width: 100px;" rowspan="2;" | 1st Sg. <br /> "my"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''meu''
| rowspan="2; | ''mei
| ''mia''
| ''mie''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''mei''
| ''mie''
| ''mei''
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 2nd Sg. <br /> "thy"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''theu''
| rowspan="2; | ''thei
| ''thua''
| ''thue''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''thei''
| ''thue''
| ''thei''
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 3rd Sg. <br /> "his, her, its"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''seu''
| rowspan="2; | ''sei
| ''sua''
| ''sue''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''sei''
| ''sue''
| ''sei''
|-
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 1st Pl. <br /> "our"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''nustru''
| rowspan="2; | ''nustri
| ''nustra''
| ''nustre''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''nustri''
| ''nustre''
| ''nustri''
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 2nd Pl. <br /> "your"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''pustru''
| rowspan="2; | ''pustri
| ''pustra''
| ''pustre''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''pustri''
| ''pustre''
| ''pustri''
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 3rd Pl. <br /> "their"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''isuru''
| rowspan="2; | ''isuri
| ''isura''
| ''isure''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''isuri''
| ''isure''
| ''isuri''
|}
===Demonstratives===
The demonstrative pronouns are ''khustu'' "this", ''khullu'' "that", which decline by gender, number and case according to the noun being described (''khustu, khusta, khusti, khuste'' etc.).
===Verbs===
: '''First Conjugation: ''-aere'' verbs'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 100px;" | ''AMAERE'' <br /> "love"
! colspan="2;" | Indicative
! colspan="2;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 120px;"  | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
|-
! 1st Sg <br /> 2nd Sg <br /> 3rd Sg <br /> 1st Pl <br /> 2nd Pl <br /> 3rd Pl
| ''aemu'' <br /> ''aema'' <br /> ''aematt'' <br /> ''amaemu'' <br /> ''amaetti'' <br /> ''aemant''
| ''amaepu'' <br /> ''amaepa'' <br /> ''amaepatt'' <br /> ''amapaemu'' <br /> ''amapaetti'' <br /> ''amaepant''
| ''aeme'' <br /> ''aemi'' <br /> ''aemett'' <br /> ''ameimu'' <br /> ''ameitti'' <br /> ''aement''
| ''amaere'' <br /> ''amaeri'' <br /> ''amaerett'' <br /> ''amariemu'' <br /> ''amarietti'' <br /> ''amaerent''
| - <br /> ''aema'' <br /> - <br /> - <br /> ''amaette'' <br /> -
|-
! Infinitive <br /> Gerund <br /> Past Participle
| colspan="6;" style="text-align:left;" | ''amaere'' <br /> ''amantu'' <br /> ''amaettu''
|}
: '''Second Conjugation: ''-iere'' verbs'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 100px;" | ''THIMIERE'' <br /> "fear"
! colspan="2;" | Indicative
! colspan="2;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 120px;"  | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
|-
! 1st Sg <br /> 2nd Sg <br /> 3rd Sg <br /> 1st Pl <br /> 2nd Pl <br /> 3rd Pl
| ''thiemu'' <br /> ''thiemi'' <br /> ''thiemitt'' <br /> ''thimiemu'' <br /> ''thimietti'' <br /> ''thiemunt''
| ''thimiepu'' <br /> ''thimiepa'' <br /> ''thimiepatt'' <br /> ''thimipaemu'' <br /> ''thimipaetti'' <br /> ''thimiepant''
| ''thiema'' <br /> ''thiema'' <br /> ''thiematt'' <br /> ''thimaemu'' <br /> ''thimaetti'' <br /> ''thiemant''
| ''thimiere'' <br /> ''thimieri'' <br /> ''thimierett'' <br /> ''thimiriemu'' <br /> ''thimirietti'' <br /> ''thimierent''
| - <br /> ''thiemi'' <br /> - <br /> - <br /> ''thimiette'' <br /> -
|-
! Infinitive <br /> Gerund <br /> Past Participle
| colspan="6;" style="text-align:left;" | ''thimiere'' <br /> ''thimentu'' <br /> ''thimiettu''
|}
: '''Third Conjugation: ''-re'' verbs'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 100px;" | ''PHEITTRE'' <br /> "ask"
! colspan="2;" | Indicative
! colspan="2;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 120px;"  | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
|-
! 1st Sg <br /> 2nd Sg <br /> 3rd Sg <br /> 1st Pl <br /> 2nd Pl <br /> 3rd Pl
| ''pheittu'' <br /> ''pheitti'' <br /> ''pheittitt'' <br /> ''pheittimu'' <br /> ''pheittitti'' <br /> ''pheittunt''
| ''phettiepu'' <br /> ''phettiepa'' <br /> ''phettiepatt'' <br /> ''phettipaemu'' <br /> ''phettipaetti'' <br /> ''phettiepant''
| ''pheitta'' <br /> ''pheitta'' <br /> ''pheittatt'' <br /> ''phettaemu'' <br /> ''phettaetti'' <br /> ''pheittant''
| ''pheittre'' <br /> ''pheittri'' <br /> ''pheittrett'' <br /> ''phettriemu'' <br /> ''phettrietti'' <br /> ''pheittrent''
| - <br /> ''pheitte'' <br /> - <br /> - <br /> ''pheittitte'' <br /> -
|-
! Infinitive <br /> Gerund <br /> Past Participle
| colspan="6;" style="text-align:left;" | ''pheittre'' <br /> ''phettentu'' <br /> ''pheittittu''
|}
: '''Irregular: ''eisre'' "to be"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 100px;" | ''EISRE'' <br /> "be"
! colspan="2;" | Indicative
! colspan="2;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 120px;"  | Imperative
|-
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
|-
! 1st Sg <br /> 2nd Sg <br /> 3rd Sg <br /> 1st Pl <br /> 2nd Pl <br /> 3rd Pl
| ''sue'' <br /> ''ei'' <br /> ''est'' <br /> ''sumu'' <br /> ''eisti'' <br /> ''sunt''
| ''eiru'' <br /> ''eira'' <br /> ''eiratt'' <br /> ''eraemu'' <br /> ''eraetti'' <br /> ''eirant''
| ''sie'' <br /> ''sie'' <br /> ''sitt'' <br /> ''siemu'' <br /> ''sietti'' <br /> ''sint''
| ''eisre'' <br /> ''eisri'' <br /> ''eisrett'' <br /> ''esriemu'' <br /> ''esrietti'' <br /> ''eisrent''
| - <br /> ''ei'' <br /> - <br /> - <br /> ''este'' <br /> -
|-
! Infinitive <br /> Gerund <br /> Past Participle
| colspan="6;" style="text-align:left;" | ''eisre'' <br /> ''esentu'' <br /> ''eisittu''
|}
==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! English !! Old Pulqer
|-
| style="width: 120px;" | '''before'''
| style="width: 400px;" |  ''ante''
|-
| '''to'''
| ''at''
|-
| '''action''' || ''attsune'', f.
|-
| '''act''' (n.) || ''attu'', m.
|-
| '''act''' (v) || ''aekre'', ''aek-''
|-
| '''other''' || ''altru''
|-
| '''love''' (v.) || ''amaere'', ''aem-''
|-
| '''friend''' || ''amiekka'', f., ''amiekku'', m.
|-
| '''year''' || ''annu'', m.
|-
| '''water''' || ''aqqa'', f.
|-
| '''tree''' || ''arpre'', f.
|-
| '''or''' || ''autt''
|-
| '''bath''' || ''pantśu'', m.
|-
| '''good, well''' (adv.) || ''peine''
|-
| '''arm''' || ''prattsu'', m.
|-
| '''good''' || ''puenu''
|-
| '''horse'''  || ''khapallu'', m.
|-
| '''fall''' || ''khatre'', ''khaet-''
|-
| ''dog'' || ''khaene'', m.
|-
| '''sing''' || ''khantaere'', ''khant-''
|-
| '''song''' || ''khantsune'', f.
|-
| '''house''' || (humble) ''khaesa'', f; (elite) ''tuemu'', m.
|-
| '''centre''' || ''khenttru'', m.
|-
| '''city''' || ''tsuttaette'', f.
|-
| '''start''' || ''khumintsaere'', ''khumints-''
|-
| '''count''' || ''khuntaere'', ''khunt-''
|-
| '''heart''' || ''khure'', m.
|-
| '''body''' || ''khurpu'', m.
|-
| '''believe''' || ''khretre'', ''khreit-''
|-
| '''belief''' || ''khretentsa'', f.
|-
| '''with''' || ''khun''
|-
| '''of''' || ''te''
|-
| '''owe''' || ''tipiere'', ''tiep-''
|-
| '''say''' || ''tiekre'', ''tiek-''
|-
| '''lady''' || ''tunna'', f.
|-
| '''lord''' || ''tunnu'', m.
|-
| '''I''' || ''tśu''
|-
| '''mare''' || ''eqqa'', f.
|-
| '''be''' || ''esre'' (irreg.)
|-
| '''and''' || ''ett''
|-
| '''speak''' || ''faplaere'', ''fapl-''
|-
| '''make''' || ''faekre'', ''faek-''
|-
| '''fact''' || ''fattu'', m.
|-
| '''happy''' || ''filiekke''
|-
| '''woman''' || ''finna'', f.
|-
| '''daughter''' || ''filtśa'', f.
|-
| '''son''' || ''filtśu'', m.
|-
| '''finish''' || ''finiere'', ''fien-''
|-
| '''flower''' || ''fluere'', m.
|-
| '''fire''' || ''fuekku'', m.
|-
| '''shape''' || ''furma'', f.
|-
| '''have''' || ''apiere'' (irreg.)
|-
| '''if''' || ''ukk''
|-
| '''today''' || ''utśe''
|-
| '''man''' || ''unne'', m.
|-
| '''already''' || ''tśa''
|-
| '''in''' || ''in'''
|-
| '''he''' || ''ise''
|-
| '''she''' || ''isa''
|-
| '''the''' || ''isu, isa''
|-
| '''work''' || ''lapuere'', m.
|-
| '''milk''' || ''latte'', m.
|-
| '''lake''' || ''laekku', m.
|-
| '''language''' || ''linqa'', f.
|-
| '''light''' (n.) || ''luekke'', f.
|-
| '''success''' || ''lukkru'', m.
|-
| '''beast, monster''' || ''lueppu'', m.
|-
| '''big''' || ''mantśu''
|-
| '''more''' || ''mai''
|-
| '''inn''' || ''maśune'', f.
|-
| '''hand''' || ''maenu'', m.
|-
| '''mother''' || ''mattre'', f.
|-
| '''me''' || ''me'' (acc.), ''mi'' (dat.)
|-
| '''less''' || ''manku''
|-
| '''recently''' || ''muetu''
|-
| '''wall''' || ''mueru'', m.
|-
| '''wife''' || ''multśeire'', f,
|-
| '''night''' || ''nutte'', f.
|-
| '''name''' || ''nunne'', m.
|-
| '''not''' || ''nun''
|-
| '''we, us''' || ''nu''
|-
| '''new''' || ''nuevu''
|-
| '''nothing''' || ''nulla''
|-
| '''father''' || ''phattre'', m.
|-
| '''skin''' || ''phelle'', f.
|-
| '''lose''' || ''phertre'', ''phert-''
|-
| '''stone''' || ''phettra'', f.
|-
| '''hair''' || ''phielu'', m.
|-
| '''rain''' || ''phrutśa'', f.
|-
| '''door''' || ''tśaena'', f.
|-
| '''gate''' || ''phurtta'', f.
|-
| '''for''' || ''phor''
|-
| '''than''' || ''qha''
|-
| '''which''' || ''qhaele''
|-
| '''when''' || ''qhantu''
|-
| '''how much''' || ''qhanttu''
|-
| '''seek''' || ''kheirre'', ''kheir-''
|-
| '''who''' || ''khi''
|-
| '''what''' || ''khit''
|-
| '''that''' || ''khut''
|-
| '''how''' || ''khumu''
|-
| '''reason''' || ''ratsune'', f.
|-
| '''blood''' || ''sanqine'', m.
|-
| '''know''' || ''astsiere''
|-
| '''write''' || ''askripre'', ''asckrip-''
|-
| '''sign''' || ''sintśu'', m.
|-
| '''hope''' || ''aspiraere'', ''aspier-''
|-
| '''above''' || ''supre''
|-
| '''late''' || ''tharte''
|-
| '''you''' || sg: ''thu'' (nom.), ''the'' (acc.), ''thi'' (dat.); pl: ''pu''
|-
| '''hold''' || ''theniere'', ''thein-''
|-
| '''time''' || ''themppu'', m.
|-
| '''land''' || ''therra'', f.
|-
| '''fear''' || ''thimre'', ''thiem-''
|-
| '''sad''' || ''thriste''
|-
| '''one''' || ''unu''
|-
| '''a, an''' || ''unu, una''
|-
| '''come''' || ''peniere'', ''pein-''
|-
| '''wind''' || ''pentu'', m.
|-
| '''word''' || ''perpu'', m.
|-
| '''truth''' || ''pirttaette'', f.
|-
| '''true''' || ''piru''
|-
| '''see''' || ''pitiere'', ''piet-''
|-
| '''live''' || ''piepre'', ''piep-''
|-
| '''voice''' || ''puekke'', f.
|}
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