Quame languages: Difference between revisions

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Quame languages (view source)

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[[Quihum languages/Lexicon]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]


[[Quihum languages/Swadesh list]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]


{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| name        = Quihum
| name        = Quame
| familycolor = quihum
| familycolor = Quame
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quihum]]
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]]
| child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]]?
}}
}}


The '''Quihum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłillym'', from ''*kʷíx̌əm'', the reconstructed Proto-Quihum word for 'one') are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]], descended from [[Proto-Quihum]] (PQ), which is thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Thensarian]], [[Naquian]], and [[Sjowaazhéñ]].
The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sowaár]] to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.


 
==Family tree==
==Todo==
{{clade
Should I keep an ejective series or not?
  |label1=Proto-Quame
 
  |1={{clade
If no ejective series: how to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?
      |label1=Roshtero-[[Talmic]]
 
      |1={{clade
*Cr > C'?
            |label1=
*Sjowaazhic would have less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t')
Talmic ([[Thensarian]])
            |1={{clade
                |label1=[[Tigol]]
                |1={{clade
                      |label1=Anbiric
                      |1={{clade
                          |1=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean)
                        }}
                      |label2=Ciètic
                      |2={{clade
                          |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin)
                          |2=[[Páuluòbeng]]
                        }}
                      |label3=Skellic
                      |3={{clade
                          |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh)
                          |2=[[Loðagese]]
                          |3=[[Vornian]]
                        }}
                    }}
                |label2=
                |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Nurian]]
                    }}
                |3=[[Qazhrian]]
              }}
            |label2=[[Old Roshterian]]
            |2={{clade
                |1=[[Roshterian]]
              }}
          }}
      |label2=[[Naquian]]
      |2={{clade
            |1=[[Tizian]]
            |2=[[Atzopic]]
            |3=[[Xaetjeon]]
            |4=[[Whetmer]]
          }}
      |label3=[[Bonzic]]
      |3=[[Bonzic]]
      |label4=
      |4=[[Aewedanoan]]
    }}
}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma?
Urheimat: Txapoalli


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Velar
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| '''*m'''
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
| '''*n'''
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*p'''
| '''*t, *c'''
| '''*c'''
| '''*t'''
|  
|  
| '''*k'''
| '''*k'''
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| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*cʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*b'''
| '''*d, *z'''
| '''*z'''
| '''*d'''
|  
|  
| '''*g'''
| '''*g'''
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''*f'''
| '''*þ''', '''*s'''
|  
|  
| '''*x'''
| '''*s'''
| '''*xʷ'''
|  
| '''*χ'''
|  
| '''*χʷ'''
|  
|
|
|
| '''*h'''
| '''*h'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
|  
| '''*l, *r'''
| '''*l'''
| '''*r'''
| '''*y''' /j/
| '''*y''' /j/
|  
|  
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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''*i ī'''  
| '''*i *ī'''
|  
|
| '''*u ū'''  
| '''*u *ū'''  
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
| '''*e *ē'''
| '''*e *ē'''
| '''*ə'''  
| 
|
| '''*o *ō'''  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
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===Typology===
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy.
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Indep====
====Nom/Acc====
X = some laryngeal
X = some laryngeal


V = some vowel
V = some vowel
*naχ = I
*nā = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'')
*wəyr = thou
*wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'')
*kaXm = we (exc)
*kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'')
*gwV<n>ti = we (inc)
*gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quon'')
*sV<n>kwi = blotp
*sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'')
 
====Genitive====
====Genitive====
*na? = my
*χ, nχ = my (Thn. ''-na'', ''-a''; Nqu. ''a''; Sjo. ''kha'')
*rə? = thy
*something with ''r'' = thy; (Thn. ''-r''; Nqu. ''ir'')
*sma = our
*smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'')
*sgwiX = our (inc)
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'')
*kwaX = blotp's
*dkoX (?) = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō''? using dk > tł)
 
====Demonstratives====
*m- = proximal, this, here
*kw- = distal, that, there
*ta- = what, who
**t(a)Xs = what (Thn. ''tās'')


===Ablaut===
===Ablaut===
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*Noun inflections
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb "binyanim"
*Verb voices
*Deriving nouns and verbs
*Deriving nouns and verbs


Ablaut grades
Ablaut grades
*''a''-grade: present tense
*''o''-grade: present tense
*''e''-grade: derived nouns
*''a''-grade: derived nouns
*''i''-grade: preterite tense
*''e''-grade: preterite tense
*''ə''-grade: bare verbal noun
*''u''-grade: passive for verbs?
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices


===Nominals===
===Nominals===
Nouns had:
Nouns and adjectives had:
* two genders: animate, inanimate.
* three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
* two states: absolute and construct.  
* two states: absolute and construct.  
* three cases: direct, indirect, and genitive.
* three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings.
 
* two numbers: singular and plural.  
Some nouns had plurals in a different ablaut grade.
** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes.


Possible declensions:
Possible declensions:
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=====Consonant stems=====
=====Consonant stems=====
jénəqws 'water'
jénaqws 'water'


=====i-stems=====
=====i-stems=====
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
Should be Native American-ish


*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
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*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
====Personal affixes====
====Stative conjugation====
====Object affixes====
-dei, -woi, -φm, -φi, -φs, -mer, -nter, -kʷer, -ber
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
 
|+ Object affixes
====Active conjugation====
|-
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷe, -ti
!style="width: 50px; "|
 
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
==Derivations==
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
*''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle
|-
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer from nouns
!|1
*''-ye-, -i-'' = verbalizer from adjectives
|''n-''
|
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|
|-
!|2
|
|
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|
|}


==References==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]




[[Category:Language families|Q]]
[[Category:Language families|Q]]
IlL
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