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Quame languages (view source)

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[[Quihum languages/Lexicon]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]


[[Quihum languages/Swadesh list]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]


{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| name        = Quihum
| name        = Quame
| familycolor = quihum
| altname    = Naquo-Talmic
| familycolor = Quame
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quihum]]
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child1 = [[Roshterian|Roshtero]]-[[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]]
| child3 = [[Aewedanoan]]
}}
}}


The '''Quihum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłillym'', from ''*kʷíx̌əm'', the reconstructed Proto-Quihum word for 'one') are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]], descended from [[Proto-Quihum]] (PQ), which is thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Thensarian]], [[Naquian]], and [[Sjowaazhéñ]].
The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sowaár]] to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.


The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]).


==Todo==
==Family tree==
Should I keep an ejective series or not?
{{clade
 
  |label1=Proto-Quame
If no ejective series: how to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?
  |1={{clade
 
      |label1=Roshtero-[[Talmic]]
*Cr > C'?
      |1={{clade
*Sjowaazhic would have less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t')
            |label1=
Talmic ([[Thensarian]])
            |1={{clade
                |label1=[[Tigol]]
                |1={{clade
                      |label1=Anbiric
                      |1={{clade
                          |1=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean)
                        }}
                      |label2=Ciètic
                      |2={{clade
                          |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin)
                          |2=[[Páuluòbeng]]
                        }}
                      |label3=Skellic
                      |3={{clade
                          |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh)
                          |2=[[Loðagese]]
                          |3=[[Vornian]]
                        }}
                    }}
                |label2=
                |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Nurian]]
                    }}
                |3=[[Qazhrian]]
              }}
            |label2=[[Old Roshterian]]
            |2={{clade
                |1=[[Roshterian]]
              }}
          }}
      |label2=[[Naquian]]
      |2={{clade
            |1=[[Tizian]]
            |2=[[Atzopic]]
            |3=[[Xaetjeon]]
            |4=[[Whetmer]]
          }}
      |label4=
      |4=[[Aewedanoan]]
    }}
}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma?
Urheimat: Txapoalli


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Velar
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| '''*m'''
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
| '''*n'''
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*p'''
| '''*t, *c'''
| '''*c'''
| '''*t'''
|  
|  
| '''*k'''
| '''*k'''
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| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*cʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*b'''
| '''*d, *z'''
| '''*z'''
| '''*d'''
|  
|  
| '''*g'''
| '''*g'''
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''*f'''
| '''*þ''', '''*s'''
|  
|  
| '''*x'''
| '''*s'''
| '''*xʷ'''
|  
| '''*χ'''
|  
| '''*χʷ'''
|  
|
|
|
| '''*h'''
| '''*h'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
|  
| '''*l, *r'''
| '''*l'''
| '''*r'''
| '''*y''' /j/
| '''*y''' /j/
|  
|  
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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''*i ī'''  
| '''*i *ī'''
|  
|
| '''*u ū'''  
| '''*u *ū'''  
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
| '''*e *ē'''
| '''*e *ē'''
| '''*ə'''  
| 
|
| '''*o *ō'''  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
all open syllables like polynesian?
Rules:
Rules:
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Typology===
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
Somewhat like German, Proto-Quame was a fusional language in which nouns, adjectives and articles inflected for four cases, three genders, and two numbers, and definiteness. The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
 
Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy.
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Indep====
TODO: table
====Nom/Acc====
X = some laryngeal
X = some laryngeal


V = some vowel
V = some vowel
*naχ = I
*nā = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'')
*wəyr = thou
*wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'')
*kaXm = we (exc)
*kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'')
*gwV<n>ti = we (inc)
*gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quon'')
*sV<n>kwi = blotp
*sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'')
 
====Genitive====
====Genitive====
*na? = my
*χ, nχ = my (Thn. ''-na'', ''-a''; Nqu. ''a''; Sjo. ''kha'')
*rə? = thy
*something with ''r'' = thy; (Thn. ''-r''; Nqu. ''ir'')
*sma = our
*smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'')
*sgwiX = our (inc)
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'')
*kwaX = blotp's
*dkoX = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō'')
 
====Demonstratives====
*m- = proximal, this, here
*kw- = distal, that, there
*ta- = what, who
**t(a)Xs = what (Thn. ''tās'')


===Ablaut===
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
Much like PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.


Functions of ablaut
Functions of ablaut
*Noun inflections
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb "binyanim"
*Verb voices
*Deriving nouns and verbs
*Deriving nouns and verbs


Ablaut grades
Ablaut grades
*''a''-grade: present tense
*''o''-grade: present tense
*''e''-grade: derived nouns
*''a''-grade: derived nouns
*''i''-grade: preterite tense
*''e''-grade: preterite tense
*''ə''-grade: bare verbal noun
*''u''-grade: passive for verbs?
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices


===Nominals===
===Declension===
Nouns had:
Nouns, articles and adjectives had:
* two genders: animate, inanimate.
* three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
* four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive
* two states: absolute and construct.
** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings.
* three cases: direct, indirect, and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural.  
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes.
 
* for adjectives: strong and weak declensions, as in Proto-Germanic.
Some nouns had plurals in a different ablaut grade.


Possible declensions:
Possible declensions:
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*consonant stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Animate nouns====
====Definite article ''*hān~hin-''====
=====a-stems=====
*nom: sg. ''hān'', ''honi'', ''hons''; pl. ''nis'', ''nar'', ''non''
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom||δoeroes|δoerot||δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|-|δoerōs|}}
*acc: sg. ''nam'', ''nas'', ''hin''; pl. ''nôi'', ''nôd'', ''nôs''
*dat: sg. ''nīd'', ''nea'', ''nis''; pl. ''nôsis'', ''naisis'', ''nôsis''
*gen: sg. ''nī'', ''nea'', ''nā''; pl. ''nôni'', ''naini'', ''nôni''


=====Consonant stems=====
====Nouns====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=tree|māram||mārīs|mārae||mārini|māria|''-''|māribos|mārebim|''-''|māroes|}}
=====Strong declension=====
(similar but not exactly the same endings as the definite article)
=====Weak declension=====
(a lot of redundancy; nom. def. -t > def. -tł in Naquian, const. state *-t in Talmic)


=====i-stems=====
The weak declension was the form used with definite articles.
=====u-stems=====
=====x̌-stems (honorific stems)=====
=====r/s-stems=====


====Inanimate nouns====
The construct state (possessed noun in genitive phrases) was indicated by a weak declension noun that was ''not'' preceded by the definite article.
=====Heteroclitic stems=====
*''tekts'' = a child (nom.)
=====a-stems=====
*''hans tektat'' = the child (nom.)
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom|δeδoerom|δoeroes|δoerot|δeδoerot|δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|''-''|''-''|}}
*''hī hrondīn tektat'' or ''tektat hī hrondīn'' = the man's child (nom.)


=====Consonant stems=====
====Adjectives====
jénəqws 'water'
=====Strong declension=====
 
=====Weak declension=====
=====i-stems=====
''welís'' 'name'
 
=====u-stems=====
=====r/s-stems=====


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
Should be Native American-ish


*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
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*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
====Personal affixes====
====Stative conjugation====
====Object affixes====
-dei, -woi, -pim, -pi, -ps, -me(r), -nte(r), -kʷe(r), -be(r)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
 
|+ Object affixes
====Active conjugation====
|-
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷi, -ti
!style="width: 50px; "|
 
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
====Participles====
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
*''-kʷom'' = active ptcp.
|-
**variant ''-nkʷom, -ikʷoi, -skʷos''
!|1
*''-nom'' = passive ptcp.
|''n-''
 
|
==Derivations==
|-
*''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle
!|1 + 2
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer from nouns
|''-''
*''-ye-, -i-'' = verbalizer from adjectives and verbs
|
*''-ma-'' = adjective
|-
!|2
|
|
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|
|}


==References==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]




[[Category:Language families|Q]]
[[Category:Language families|Q]]
IlL
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