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Quame languages (view source)

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[[Quihum languages/Lexicon]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]


[[Quihum languages/Swadesh list]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]


{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| name        = Quihum
| name        = Quame
| familycolor = quihum
| altname    = Naquo-Talmic
| familycolor = Quame
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quihum]]
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child1 = [[Roshterian|Roshtero]]-[[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]]
| child3 = [[Aewedanoan]]
}}
}}


The '''Quihum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłillym'', from ''*kʷiχəm'', the reconstructed ancestral word for 'one') are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]], descended from [[Proto-Quihum]] (PQ), which is thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Thensarian]] and [[Naquian]]. The membership of [[Sjowaazhéñ]] in Quihum is less well-established.
The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sowaár]] to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.


The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]).


==Todo==
==Family tree==
Should I keep an ejective series or not?
{{clade
 
  |label1=Proto-Quame
 
  |1={{clade
 
      |label1=Roshtero-[[Talmic]]
If no ejective series: how to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?
      |1={{clade
 
            |label1=
*Cr > C'?
Talmic ([[Thensarian]])
*Sjowaazhic would have less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t')
            |1={{clade
 
                |label1=[[Tigol]]
Todo:
                |1={{clade
 
                      |label1=Anbiric
d t > d t in Talmic, t t' in Naquic
                      |1={{clade
                          |1=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean)
                        }}
                      |label2=Ciètic
                      |2={{clade
                          |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin)
                          |2=[[Páuluòbeng]]
                        }}
                      |label3=Skellic
                      |3={{clade
                          |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh)
                          |2=[[Loðagese]]
                          |3=[[Vornian]]
                        }}
                    }}
                |label2=
                |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Nurian]]
                    }}
                |3=[[Qazhrian]]
              }}
            |label2=[[Old Roshterian]]
            |2={{clade
                |1=[[Roshterian]]
              }}
          }}
      |label2=[[Naquian]]
      |2={{clade
            |1=[[Tizian]]
            |2=[[Atzopic]]
            |3=[[Xaetjeon]]
            |4=[[Whetmer]]
          }}
      |label4=
      |4=[[Aewedanoan]]
    }}
}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma?
Urheimat: Txapoalli


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Velar
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| '''*m'''
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
| '''*n'''
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*p'''
| '''*t, *c'''
| '''*c'''
| '''*t'''
|  
|  
| '''*k'''
| '''*k'''
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| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*cʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*b'''
| '''*d, *z'''
| '''*z'''
| '''*d'''
|  
|  
| '''*g'''
| '''*g'''
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''*f'''
| '''*þ''', '''*s'''
|  
|  
| '''*x'''
| '''*s'''
| '''*xʷ'''
|  
| '''*χ'''
|  
| '''*χʷ'''
|  
|
|
|
| '''*h'''
| '''*h'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
|  
| '''*l, *r'''
| '''*l'''
| '''*r'''
| '''*y''' /j/
| '''*y''' /j/
|  
|  
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! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i *ī'''
| 
| '''*u *ū'''
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
all open syllables like polynesian?
Rules:
Rules:
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Typology===
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
Somewhat like German, Proto-Quame was a fusional language in which nouns, adjectives and articles inflected for four cases, three genders, and two numbers, and definiteness. The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
 
Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy.
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
TODO: table
====Nom/Acc====
====Nom/Acc====
X = some laryngeal
X = some laryngeal


V = some vowel
V = some vowel
*naχ = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'', Sjo. ''nakh'')
*nā = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'')
*wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'')
*wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'')
*kaχ(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'')
*kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'')
*gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quan'')
*gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quon'')
*sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'')
*sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'')


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*smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'')
*smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'')
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'')
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'')
*dkoX (?) = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō''? using dk > tł)
*dkoX = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō'')


====Demonstratives====
====Demonstratives====
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===Ablaut===
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
Much like PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.


Functions of ablaut
Functions of ablaut
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*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices


===Nominals===
===Declension===
Nouns had:
Nouns, articles and adjectives had:
* two genders: animate, inanimate.
* three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
* four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive
* two states: absolute and construct.
** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings.
* three cases: direct, indirect, and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural.  
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes.
 
* for adjectives: strong and weak declensions, as in Proto-Germanic.
Some nouns had plurals in a different ablaut grade.


Possible declensions:
Possible declensions:
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*consonant stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Animate nouns====
====Definite article ''*hān~hin-''====
=====a-stems=====
*nom: sg. ''hān'', ''honi'', ''hons''; pl. ''nis'', ''nar'', ''non''
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom||δoeroes|δoerot||δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|-|δoerōs|}}
*acc: sg. ''nam'', ''nas'', ''hin''; pl. ''nôi'', ''nôd'', ''nôs''
 
*dat: sg. ''nīd'', ''nea'', ''nis''; pl. ''nôsis'', ''naisis'', ''nôsis''
=====Consonant stems=====
*gen: sg. ''nī'', ''nea'', ''nā''; pl. ''nôni'', ''naini'', ''nôni''
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=tree|māram||mārīs|mārae||mārini|māria|''-''|māribos|mārebim|''-''|māroes|}}
 
=====i-stems=====
=====u-stems=====
=====x̌-stems (honorific stems)=====
=====r/s-stems=====


====Inanimate nouns====
====Nouns====
=====Heteroclitic stems=====
=====Strong declension=====
=====a-stems=====
(similar but not exactly the same endings as the definite article)
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom|δeδoerom|δoeroes|δoerot|δeδoerot|δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|''-''|''-''|}}
=====Weak declension=====
(a lot of redundancy; nom. def. -t > def. -tł in Naquian, const. state *-t in Talmic)


=====Consonant stems=====
The weak declension was the form used with definite articles.
jénaqws 'water'


=====i-stems=====
The construct state (possessed noun in genitive phrases) was indicated by a weak declension noun that was ''not'' preceded by the definite article.
''welís'' 'name'
*''tekts'' = a child (nom.)
*''hans tektat'' = the child (nom.)
*''hī hrondīn tektat'' or ''tektat hī hrondīn'' = the man's child (nom.)


=====u-stems=====
====Adjectives====
=====r/s-stems=====
=====Strong declension=====
=====Weak declension=====


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
====Personal affixes====
====Stative conjugation====
-dei, -woi, -pim, -pi, -ps, -me(r), -nte(r), -kʷe(r), -be(r)
 
====Active conjugation====
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷi, -ti
 
====Participles====
*''-kʷom'' = active ptcp.
**variant ''-nkʷom, -ikʷoi, -skʷos''
*''-nom'' = passive ptcp.
 
==Derivations==
*''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer from nouns
*''-ye-, -i-'' = verbalizer from adjectives and verbs
*''-ma-'' = adjective


==References==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]




[[Category:Language families|Q]]
[[Category:Language families|Q]]
IlL
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