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Quame languages: Difference between revisions
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| region = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide | | region = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide | ||
| name = Quame | | name = Quame | ||
| altname = Naquo-Talmic | |||
| familycolor = Quame | | familycolor = Quame | ||
| family = One of Tricin's primary language families | | family = One of Tricin's primary language families | ||
| protoname = [[Proto-Quame]] | | protoname = [[Proto-Quame]] | ||
| child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | | child1 = [[Roshterian|Roshtero]]-[[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | ||
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] | | child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] | ||
| child3 = [[ | | child3 = [[Aewedanoan]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sowaár]] to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established. | The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sowaár]] to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established. | ||
The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]). | |||
==Family tree== | ==Family tree== | ||
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|label1=[[Tigol]] | |label1=[[Tigol]] | ||
|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|label1= | |label1=Anbiric | ||
|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|1=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean) | |||
}} | |||
|label2=Ciètic | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin) | |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin) | ||
|2=[[Páuluòbeng]] | |2=[[Páuluòbeng]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| | |label3=Skellic | ||
|3={{clade | |||
| | |||
|1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh) | |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh) | ||
|2=[[Loðagese]] | |2=[[Loðagese]] | ||
| Line 62: | Line 65: | ||
|4=[[Whetmer]] | |4=[[Whetmer]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| | |label4= | ||
| | |4=[[Aewedanoan]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Rules: | Rules: | ||
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants. | *Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants. | ||
| Line 190: | Line 191: | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Typology=== | ===Typology=== | ||
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified. | Somewhat like German, Proto-Quame was a fusional language in which nouns, adjectives and articles inflected for four cases, three genders, and two numbers, and definiteness. The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified. | ||
Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy. | Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy. | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
TODO: table | |||
====Nom/Acc==== | ====Nom/Acc==== | ||
X = some laryngeal | X = some laryngeal | ||
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*smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'') | *smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'') | ||
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'') | *sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'') | ||
*dkoX | *dkoX = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō'') | ||
====Demonstratives==== | ====Demonstratives==== | ||
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===Ablaut=== | ===Ablaut=== | ||
Much like | Much like PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades. | ||
Functions of ablaut | Functions of ablaut | ||
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*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices | *lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices | ||
=== | ===Declension=== | ||
Nouns and adjectives had: | Nouns, articles and adjectives had: | ||
* three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter | * three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter | ||
* | * four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive | ||
** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings. | ** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings. | ||
* two numbers: singular and plural. | * two numbers: singular and plural. | ||
** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes. | ** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes. | ||
* for adjectives: strong and weak declensions, as in Proto-Germanic. | |||
Possible declensions: | Possible declensions: | ||
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*consonant stems | *consonant stems | ||
*heteroclitic stems: r/s | *heteroclitic stems: r/s | ||
==== | ====Definite article ''*hān~hin-''==== | ||
*nom: sg. ''hān'', ''honi'', ''hons''; pl. ''nis'', ''nar'', ''non'' | |||
*acc: sg. ''nam'', ''nas'', ''hin''; pl. ''nôi'', ''nôd'', ''nôs'' | |||
*dat: sg. ''nīd'', ''nea'', ''nis''; pl. ''nôsis'', ''naisis'', ''nôsis'' | |||
*gen: sg. ''nī'', ''nea'', ''nā''; pl. ''nôni'', ''naini'', ''nôni'' | |||
==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
===== | =====Strong declension===== | ||
(similar but not exactly the same endings as the definite article) | |||
===== | =====Weak declension===== | ||
(a lot of redundancy; nom. def. -t > def. -tł in Naquian, const. state *-t in Talmic) | |||
The weak declension was the form used with definite articles. | |||
== | The construct state (possessed noun in genitive phrases) was indicated by a weak declension noun that was ''not'' preceded by the definite article. | ||
*''tekts'' = a child (nom.) | |||
*''hans tektat'' = the child (nom.) | |||
*''hī hrondīn tektat'' or ''tektat hī hrondīn'' = the man's child (nom.) | |||
===== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
=====Strong declension===== | |||
=====Weak declension===== | |||
===== | |||
===== | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes. | *Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes. | ||
====Stative conjugation==== | ====Stative conjugation==== | ||
-dei, -woi, - | -dei, -woi, -pim, -pi, -ps, -me(r), -nte(r), -kʷe(r), -be(r) | ||
====Active conjugation==== | ====Active conjugation==== | ||
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, - | -ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷi, -ti | ||
====Participles==== | |||
*''-kʷom'' = active ptcp. | |||
**variant ''-nkʷom, -ikʷoi, -skʷos'' | |||
*''-nom'' = passive ptcp. | |||
==Derivations== | ==Derivations== | ||
*''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle | *''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle | ||
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer from nouns | |||
*''-ye-, -i-'' = verbalizer from adjectives and verbs | |||
*''-ma-'' = adjective | |||