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Quame languages (view source)

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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| region      = Traditionally all over Schrubstiempf and in western Kuderau; today worldwide
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| name        = Quihum
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| familycolor = PfK
| name        = Quame
| family      = One of Hussmauch's primary language families
| altname    = Naquo-Talmic
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quihum]]
| familycolor = Quame
| child1 = [[Pfeunic languages|Pfeunic]]
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| child2 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| child3 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child1 = [[Roshterian|Roshtero]]-[[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child4 = [[Shoeic languages|Shoeic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child5 = [[Kammalic language|Kammalic]]
| child3 = [[Aewedanoan]]
| child6 = Sesamic
| child7 = Witcanic
}}
}}


The '''Quihum languages''' ('''Quih''') are descended from [[Proto-Quihum]] ('''PQuih'''). It is inspired by Indo-European and Pacific Northwest languages.
The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sowaár]] to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.
 
The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]).


==Phylogeny==
==Family tree==
{{clade
{{clade
|label1=[[Proto-Quihum]]
  |label1=Proto-Quame
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
  |1={{clade
      |label1=Roshtero-[[Talmic]]
      |1=Modern [[Talmic languages]]
      |1={{clade
      }}
            |label1=
  |2={{clade
Talmic ([[Thensarian]])
      |1=[[Pfeunic languages]]
            |1={{clade
      }}
                |label1=[[Tigol]]  
  |label3=Proto-Naquic
                |1={{clade
  |3={{clade
                      |label1=Anbiric
    |label1=[[Naquian]]
                      |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
                          |1=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean)
        |1=[[Xaetjeonw]]
                        }}
        |2=[[Atzòpic]]
                      |label2=Ciètic
        |3=[[Tizian]]
                      |2={{clade
        }}
                          |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin)
    |2=[[Phoshic languages|Phoshic]]
                          |2=[[Páuluòbeng]]
    }}
                        }}
  |label4=[[Shoeic languages|Proto-Shoeic]]
                      |label3=Skellic
  |4={{clade
                      |3={{clade
    |label1=[[Boot Polish]]
                          |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh)
    |1={{clade|1=[[Reboot Polish]]
                          |2=[[Loðagese]]  
        |2=[[Kashoebian]]
                          |3=[[Vornian]]  
        }}
                        }}
    |2=Salish-Russian hybrid
                    }}
    |3=Hiberno-Salish
                |label2=
                |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Nurian]]
                    }}
                |3=[[Qazhrian]]
              }}
            |label2=[[Old Roshterian]]  
            |2={{clade
                |1=[[Roshterian]]
              }}
          }}
      |label2=[[Naquian]]
      |2={{clade
            |1=[[Tizian]]
            |2=[[Atzopic]]
            |3=[[Xaetjeon]]
            |4=[[Whetmer]]
          }}
      |label4=
      |4=[[Aewedanoan]]
     }}
     }}
  |5=[[Sesamic languages|Sesamic]]
  |6=[[Witcanese]]
  |7=[[Adetsib]] (''ʔAdəʔcʼib'')
  |8=[[Blingit]]
  |9=[[Tuna Saanich]]
  }}
}}
}}
==Overview==
Urheimat: Txapoalli
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*c'''
| '''*t'''
|
| '''*k'''
| '''*kʷ'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*cʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*z'''
| '''*d'''
|
| '''*g'''
| '''*gʷ'''
| '''*ɢ'''
| '''*ɢʷ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| '''*s'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''*h'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|
| '''*l'''
| '''*r'''
| '''*y''' /j/
|
| '''*w'''
|
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i *ī'''
| 
| '''*u *ū'''
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''*e *ē'''
| 
| '''*o *ō'''
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''*a *ā'''
|
|}
===Suprasegmentals===
Stress was phonemic.
===Phonotactics===
Rules:
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
==Grammar==
===Typology===
Somewhat like German, Proto-Quame was a fusional language in which nouns, adjectives and articles inflected for four cases, three genders, and two numbers, and definiteness. The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy.
===Pronouns===
TODO: table
====Nom/Acc====
X = some laryngeal
V = some vowel
*nā = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'')
*wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'')
*kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'')
*gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quon'')
*sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'')
====Genitive====
*χ, nχ = my (Thn. ''-na'', ''-a''; Nqu. ''a''; Sjo. ''kha'')
*something with ''r'' = thy; (Thn. ''-r''; Nqu. ''ir'')
*smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'')
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'')
*dkoX = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō'')
====Demonstratives====
*m- = proximal, this, here
*kw- = distal, that, there
*ta- = what, who
**t(a)Xs = what (Thn. ''tās'')
===Ablaut===
Much like PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
Functions of ablaut
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb voices
*Deriving nouns and verbs
Ablaut grades
*''o''-grade: present tense
*''a''-grade: derived nouns
*''e''-grade: preterite tense
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
===Declension===
Nouns, articles and adjectives had:
* three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter
* four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive
** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings.
* two numbers: singular and plural.
** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes.
* for adjectives: strong and weak declensions, as in Proto-Germanic.
Possible declensions:
*a-stems
*x̌-stems
*i-stems
*u-stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Definite article ''*hān~hin-''====
*nom: sg. ''hān'', ''honi'', ''hons''; pl. ''nis'', ''nar'', ''non''
*acc: sg. ''nam'', ''nas'', ''hin''; pl. ''nôi'', ''nôd'', ''nôs''
*dat: sg. ''nīd'', ''nea'', ''nis''; pl. ''nôsis'', ''naisis'', ''nôsis''
*gen: sg. ''nī'', ''nea'', ''nā''; pl. ''nôni'', ''naini'', ''nôni''
====Nouns====
=====Strong declension=====
(similar but not exactly the same endings as the definite article)
=====Weak declension=====
(a lot of redundancy; nom. def. -t > def. -tł in Naquian, const. state *-t in Talmic)
The weak declension was the form used with definite articles.
The construct state (possessed noun in genitive phrases) was indicated by a weak declension noun that was ''not'' preceded by the definite article.
*''tekts'' = a child (nom.)
*''hans tektat'' = the child (nom.)
*''hī hrondīn tektat'' or ''tektat hī hrondīn'' = the man's child (nom.)
====Adjectives====
=====Strong declension=====
=====Weak declension=====
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
====Stative conjugation====
-dei, -woi, -pim, -pi, -ps, -me(r), -nte(r), -kʷe(r), -be(r)
====Active conjugation====
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷi, -ti
====Participles====
*''-kʷom'' = active ptcp.
**variant ''-nkʷom, -ikʷoi, -skʷos''
*''-nom'' = passive ptcp.
==Derivations==
*''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer from nouns
*''-ye-, -i-'' = verbalizer from adjectives and verbs
*''-ma-'' = adjective
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]


[[Category:Language families|Q]]
[[Category:Language families|Q]]
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