Quame languages: Difference between revisions

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Quame languages (view source)

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[[Quihum languages/Lexicon]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]


[[Quihum languages/Swadesh list]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]


{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| creator    = User:IlL
| name        = Quihum
| region      = Txapoalli, Talma, Etalocin; today worldwide
| familycolor = quihum
| name        = Quame
| altname    = Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman, Northwestern
| familycolor = Quame
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quihum]]
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]]
}}
}}


The '''Quihum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłillym'', from ''*kʷíx̌əm'', the reconstructed Proto-Quihum word for 'one') are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]], descended from [[Proto-Quihum]] (PQ), which is thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Thensarian]], [[Naquian]], and [[Sjowaazhéñ]].
The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman''', are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of other languages to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.


The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]). Proto-Quame was spoken 3000 years ago.


==Todo==
Proto-Quame phonology is inspired by classical IE languages (esp. Greek and Proto-Celtic) and Tsez.
Should I keep an ejective series or not?


If no ejective series: how to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?
==Family tree==
 
* Quame
*Cr > C'?
** [[Talmic languages]]
*Sjowaazhic would have less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t')
** [[Roshterian]]
 
** [[Nurian]]
==Overview==
** [[Naquian]]
Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma?
** [[Wiobian]]
** [[Aevehāne]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Velar
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>plain (asp.)</small>
| '''*p'''
|
| '''*t, *c'''
| '''*t'''
| '''*T'''
|  
|  
| '''*k'''
| '''*k'''
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| '''*q'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
| '''*{{aleph}}'''
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| '''*tʼ'''
| '''*Tʼ'''
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*b'''
| '''*d, *z'''
| '''*d'''
| '''*D'''
|  
|  
| '''*g'''
| '''*g'''
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''*f'''
| '''*φ'''
| '''*þ''', '''*s'''
| '''*s'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
| '''*x'''
| '''*xʷ'''
| '''*χ'''
| '''*χʷ'''
| '''*h'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
|  
| '''*l, *r'''
| '''*l'''
| '''*r'''
| '''*y''' /j/
| '''*y''' /j/
|  
|  
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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''*i ī'''  
| '''*i *ī'''
|  
|
| '''*u ū'''  
| '''*u *ū'''  
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
| '''*e *ē'''
| '''*e *ē'''
| '''*ə'''  
| 
|
| '''*o *ō'''  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
all open syllables like polynesian?
Rules:
Rules:
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Typology===
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
No case, number + classifier marking articles, clusivity (very un-IE)
===Pronouns===
====Indep====
X = some laryngeal
 
V = some vowel
*naχ = I
*wəyr = thou
*kaXm = we (exc)
*gwV<n>mi = we (inc)
*sV<n>kwi = blotp
====Genitive====
*na? = my
*rə? = thy
*sma = our
*sgwiX = our (inc)
*kwaX = blotp's
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
Functions of ablaut
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb "binyanim"
*Deriving nouns and verbs
 
Ablaut grades
*''a''-grade: present tense
*''e''-grade: derived nouns
*''i''-grade: preterite tense
*''ə''-grade: bare verbal noun
*''u''-grade: passive for verbs?
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
 
===Nominals===
Nouns had:
* two genders: animate, inanimate.
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
* two states: absolute and construct.
* three cases: direct, indirect, and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
 
Some nouns had plurals in a different ablaut grade.
 
Possible declensions:
*a-stems
*x̌-stems
*i-stems
*u-stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Animate nouns====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom||δoeroes|δoerot||δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|-|δoerōs|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=tree|māram||mārīs|mārae||mārini|māria|''-''|māribos|mārebim|''-''|māroes|}}
 
=====i-stems=====
=====u-stems=====
=====x̌-stems (honorific stems)=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
====Inanimate nouns====
=====Heteroclitic stems=====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom|δeδoerom|δoeroes|δoerot|δeδoerot|δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|''-''|''-''|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
jénəqws 'water'
 
=====i-stems=====
''welís'' 'name'
 
=====u-stems=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
 
Should be Native American-ish
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
====Personal affixes====
====Object affixes====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''n-''
|
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|
|-
!|2
|
|
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|
|}


==References==
OVS; focus prominent; Wackernagel clitics
{{reflist}}
=== Classifiers ===
*qon, pl. stē = animates (humans, more "animate" animals like pets)
*ṭēn, pl. yes = honorific form of ne
*kwon, pl. φrī = organisms not viewed as sentient: plants, fungi, "lower" animals, pests
*φās, pl. nē = generic inanimates
*smār, pl. smin = tiny, point-like objects; mass nouns
*oyr, pl. φal = long, thin objects
*φū, pl. zoy = flat sheets
*gī, pl. krūh = food items
*rāw, pl. sya = abstractions; intellectual works such as art, books, ...
*kmāh, pl. lū = manmade structures: houses, buildings, cities; tools
** Units of measurement do not take classifiers with numerals.


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
==Derivational morphology==
* ''-sa'': "Caland" suffix
* Compounding (head-final)
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]




[[Category:Language families|Q]]
[[Category:Language families|Q]]
IlL
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