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'''Ris morphology''' is mainly morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. [[Ris]] tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle. | |||
{{Ris sidebar}} | {{Ris sidebar}} | ||
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The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice. | The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice. | ||
Three basic form of the Ris verbs is the supine. It acts like a verbal noun and most often ends in <-er> or <-a>. There are no tenses in the language. | |||
====Active conjugation==== | |||
The first paradigm is in the [[Ris#Active voice|active voice]]. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with the enclitic first person pronouns. | |||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: | =====Positive paradigm===== | ||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="5" scope="col"|'' | ! colspan="5" scope="col"|''kater -'' to write | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" scope="col"| | ! rowspan="3" scope="col"| | ||
! scope="col"|Supine | ! scope="col"|Supine | ||
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''kater'' | |||
| colspan="3" scope="col"|'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="col"|Participle | ! scope="col"|Participle | ||
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''katramena'' | |||
| colspan="3" scope="col"|'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="col"|Indicative | ! scope="col"|Indicative | ||
! scope="col"|Subjunctive | ! scope="col"|Subjunctive | ||
! scope="col"|Potential | |||
! scope="col"| | |||
! scope="col"|Imperative | ! scope="col"|Imperative | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" scope="col"|Aspects | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Perfective | !Perfective | ||
|ká.te.ro | |||
''katero'' | |||
|ka.tér.ra | |||
| | |||
|'' | ''katerrha'' | ||
|ka.te.ríj.a | |||
''katria'' | |||
|ka.tér.ro | |||
''katerrho'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Imperfective | !Imperfective | ||
|ka.te.rís.to | |||
|'' | ''katristo'' | ||
|ka.tér.ris.ta | |||
|'' | ''katerrhista'' | ||
|ka.te.rís.tia | |||
|'' | ''katristia'' | ||
|ka.tér.ris.to | |||
|'' | ''katerrhisto'' | ||
|- | |||
!Iterative | |||
|ki.ká.te.ro | |||
''kikatero'' | |||
|ki.ka.tér.ra | |||
''kikaterrha'' | |||
|ki.ka.tə.ríj.a | |||
''kikatria'' | |||
|ki.ka.tér.ro | |||
''kikaterrho'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="5"|Applicative forms | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Cessative | !Cessative | ||
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ka.tə.rás.χo | |||
''katraskho'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Inceptive | ||
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ka.te.ríz.o | |||
''katrizo/katerizo'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Benefactive | ||
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ka.te.rés.a | |||
''katresa'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
=====Negative paradigm===== | |||
The negative conjugation of verbs is most often formed by infixing an <nowiki><-</nowiki>n<nowiki>-></nowiki> to the first or second consonant. | |||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="5" scope="col"|'' | ! colspan="5" scope="col"|''kanther -'' not to write | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" scope="col"| | ! rowspan="3" scope="col"| | ||
! scope="col"|Supine | ! scope="col"|Supine | ||
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''kanther'' | |||
| colspan="3" scope="col"|'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="col"|Participle | ! scope="col"|Participle | ||
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''kanthramena'' | |||
| colspan="3" scope="col"|'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="col"|Indicative | ! scope="col"|Indicative | ||
! scope="col"|Subjunctive | ! scope="col"|Subjunctive | ||
! scope="col"|Potential | |||
! scope="col"| | |||
! scope="col"|Imperative | ! scope="col"|Imperative | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" scope="col"|Aspects | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Perfective | !Perfective | ||
|kán.θe.ro | |||
''kanthro'' | |||
|kan.θér.ra | |||
''kantherrha'' | |||
|kan.θe.ríj.a | |||
''kanthria'' | |||
|kan.θér.ro | |||
''kantherrho'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Imperfective | !Imperfective | ||
|kan.θe.rís.to | |||
| | ''kanthristo'' | ||
|kan.θér.ris.ta | |||
''kantherrhista'' | |||
|kan.θe.rís.ti.a | |||
| | ''katristia'' | ||
|kan.θér.ris.to | |||
''kantherrhisto'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Iterative | !Iterative | ||
|kã.kán.θe.ro | |||
''kaukanthro'' | |||
|kã.kan.θér.ra | |||
''kaukantherrha'' | |||
|kã.kan.θe.ríj.a | |||
''kaukanthria'' | |||
|ki.kan.θér.ro | |||
''kaukantherrho'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="5 | ! colspan="5"|Applicative forms | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Cessative | ||
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|kan.θe.rás.χo | |||
''kanthraskho'' | |||
| colspan=" | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Inceptive | !Inceptive | ||
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|kan.θe.ríz.o | |||
''kanthrizo'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Benefactive | ||
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|kan.θe.rés.a | |||
| | ''kanthresa'' | ||
|} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
===Mediopassive conjugation=== | |||
| | The [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive]] voice is created by prefixing <an-> to the verb, or sometimes <ana->. | ||
==Nominal== | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
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Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a [[w:pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 [[Ris#Number|numbers]], and 7 [[Ris#Cases|cases]]. | Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a [[w:pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 [[Ris#Number|numbers]], and 7 [[Ris#Cases|cases]]. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="10"|Ris first and second personal pronouns | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Number→ | !Number→ | ||
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! colspan="3" scope="col"|Plural | ! colspan="3" scope="col"|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Person→ | !Person→ | ||
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!Patientive | !Patientive | ||
|'' | |''me'' | ||
|''ka'' | |''ka'' | ||
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|''nai'' | |''nai'' | ||
|'' | |''kane'' | ||
|''our'' | |''our'' | ||
|'' | |''nera'' | ||
|'' | |''kera'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Agentive | !Agentive | ||
|'' | |''eu'' | ||
|''keu'' | |''keu'' | ||
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|''kau'' | |''kau'' | ||
|'' | |''ouna'' | ||
|''nau'' | |''nau'' | ||
|'' | |''keune'' | ||
|'' | |''ounar'' | ||
|'' | |''naura'' | ||
|'' | |''keura'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Dative | !Dative | ||
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|''nes'' | |''nes'' | ||
|'' | |''kane'' | ||
|''oui'' | |''oui'' | ||
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|''kei'' | |''kei'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Instrumental | !Instrumental | ||
|'' | |''mena'' | ||
|'' | |''kana'' | ||
|'' | |''kena'' | ||
|'' | |''ouena'' | ||
|'' | |''nenas'' | ||
|'' | |''kanan'' | ||
|'' | |''ouenar'' | ||
|'' | |''nenai'' | ||
|'' | |''kenar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Locative | !Locative | ||
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|''niou'' | |''niou'' | ||
|'' | |''koune'' | ||
|''our'' | |''our'' | ||
|'' | |''nioura'' | ||
|'' | |''kioura'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Genitive | !Genitive | ||
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|''nias'' | |''nias'' | ||
|'' | |''kiane'' | ||
|'' | |''ouiar'' | ||
|'' | |''nai'' | ||
| | |''kiara'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Vocative | !Vocative | ||
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|''nei'' | |''nei'' | ||
|'' | |''kane'' | ||
|''our'' | |''our'' | ||
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|''ker'' | |''ker'' | ||
|} | |||
The third person pronouns belong to the first paradigm of nouns, and are much more regular than the first and second person pronouns, although not completely regular. Like many other languages, Ris uses the third person pronouns to serve as demonstratives as well. In Ris' case, they are proximal demonstratives. | |||
The patientive inanimate singulative pronoun also happens to be the [[Ris#The topic marker|Ris topic marker]]. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6"|Ris proximal demonstratives | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Number→ | !Number→ | ||
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! scope="col"|Plural | ! scope="col"|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Person→ | !Person→ | ||
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!Patientive | !Patientive | ||
| | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''en'' | ||
| | |||
|''as'' | |''as'' | ||
|''ante'' | |||
|'' | |||
| | |''atai'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Agentive | !Agentive | ||
| | |''he'' | ||
|'' | |''hai'' | ||
| | |''atir'' | ||
|'' | |''antir'' | ||
| | |''athe'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Dative | !Dative | ||
| | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''enai'' | ||
| | |||
|'' | |''ati'' | ||
| | |''antai'' | ||
|'' | |''ata'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Instrumental | !Instrumental | ||
| | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ena'' | ||
| | |''atan'' | ||
|'' | |''antan'' | ||
|''atanta'' | |||
|'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Genitive | ||
| | |''hei'' | ||
| | |''hai'' | ||
|'' | |''ai'' | ||
|'' | |''anti'' | ||
| | |''athi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Locative | ||
| | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''enou'' | ||
| | |''au'' | ||
|'' | |''antou'' | ||
|''atouri'' | |||
|'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Vocative | !Vocative | ||
| | |''he'' | ||
| | |''hia'' | ||
|''as'' | |''as'' | ||
|''ante'' | |||
|'' | |||
| | |''athi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Enclitic===== | =====Enclitic===== | ||
Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject | Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject or agent of the verb. | ||
The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the [[Ris#Core cases|core cases]], the patientive and agentive. | The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the [[Ris#Core cases|core cases]], the patientive and agentive. | ||
*If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the [[Ris#Agentive|agentive]]. If it is not, it gets the [[Ris#Patientive|patientive]]. | *If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the [[Ris#Agentive|agentive]]. If it is not, it gets the [[Ris#Patientive|patientive]]. | ||
The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the [[Ris#Indicative|indicative]] or [[Ris# | The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the [[Ris#Indicative|indicative]] or [[Ris#Imperative|Imperative]] moods, and the subjunctive when it is either in the [[Ris#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] or in the [[Ris#Potential|Potential]]. | ||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;" | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan=" | ! colspan="13" scope="col"|Ris pronominal enclitics | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" scope="col"| | |||
! colspan="3" scope="col"|singular | ! colspan="3" scope="col"|singular | ||
! colspan=" | |||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="4" scope="col"|dual | ||
! colspan="4" scope="col"|plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="col"|1st | ! scope="col" rowspan="2" |1st | ||
! scope="col"|2nd | |||
! scope="col"|3rd | ! scope="col" rowspan="2" |2nd | ||
! scope="col"|1st | |||
! scope="col"|2nd | ! scope="col" rowspan="2" |3rd | ||
! scope="col"|3rd | |||
! scope="col"|1st | ! scope="col" colspan="2"|1st | ||
! scope="col"|2nd | |||
! scope="col"|3rd | ! scope="col" rowspan="2" |2nd | ||
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |3rd | |||
! scope="col" colspan="2"|1st | |||
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |2nd | |||
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |3rd | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | |||
! exc. | |||
! inc. | |||
! exc. | |||
! inc. | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="13"|Indicative and imperative | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Subject | ! rowspan="2"|Subject | ||
!Patientive | !Patientive | ||
|''-o'' | |''-o'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''-ei'' | |||
|''-a'' | |''-a'' | ||
|''-on'' | |''-on'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-ai'' | ||
|''-eni'' | |||
|''-ani'' | |||
|''-ouna'' | |''-ouna'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''anai'' | ||
|''-ana'' | |||
|''-ina'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Agentive | !Agentive | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-os'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-es'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-as'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-onta'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''-es'' | |||
|''-enta'' | |||
|''-anta'' | |||
|''-ounas'' | |||
|''-anes'' | |||
|''-ines'' | |||
|''-anas'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="13"|Subjunctive and potential | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Subject | ! rowspan="2"|Subject | ||
!Patientive | !Patientive | ||
|''-a'' | |''-a'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-oua'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-oui'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-or'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''er'' | ||
|''-ar'' | |||
|''-ir'' | |||
|''-ora'' | |||
|''era'' | |||
|''-ara'' | |||
|''-ira'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Agentive | !Agentive | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-as'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-ouas'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-ouis'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''- | |''-oster'' | ||
|''- | |||
|''-ester'' | |||
|''-aster'' | |||
|''-ister'' | |||
|''-ostra'' | |||
|''-estra'' | |||
|''-astra'' | |||
|''-istra'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* əi > e / _# | * əi > e / _# | ||
* əis > ir / C_V | * əis > ir / C_V | ||
*V[-stress]s > t / C[+plosive]_V | |||
*C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V | |||
=====First paradigm===== | =====First paradigm===== | ||
Dated, but the inflexion ought to work for the relay. Nouns ending in <-n> recieve a stem of <-nta>, in the declensions. | |||
The singulative corresponds to singular, the plurative to plural, and the collective is nowadays called the plural indefinite. | |||
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;" | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="4"|''kḗrax'' - bird | ! colspan="4"|''kḗrax'' - bird | ||
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! scope="row"| | ! scope="row"| | ||
! scope="col"|gȳ́p- | ! scope="col"|gȳ́p- | ||
! scope="col"|gȳ́ps - friend-to-be | ! scope="col"|gȳ́ps - friend-to-be; kin | ||
! scope="col"|ma-an | ! scope="col"|ma-an | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|gup.əs | |gup.əs | ||
''gȳ́ps'' | ''gȳ́ps'' | ||
| | |guph.nəs | ||
''gȳ́pne'' | ''gȳ́pne'' | ||
| | |guph.ais | ||
'' | ''gȳ́phai'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|Agentive | ! scope="row"|Agentive | ||
|gup.əis.ə | |gup.əis.ə | ||
'' | ''gȳ́phir'' | ||
|gup.nəis.ə | |gup.nəis.ə | ||
''gȳ́pnir'' | ''gȳ́pnir'' | ||
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! scope="row"|Dative | ! scope="row"|Dative | ||
|gup.ais | |gup.ais | ||
'' | ''gȳ́phai'' | ||
|gup.nais | |gup.nais | ||
''gȳ́pnai'' | ''gȳ́pnai'' | ||
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! scope="row"|Instrumental | ! scope="row"|Instrumental | ||
|gup.ans | |gup.ans | ||
'' | ''gȳ́phan'' | ||
|gup.nans | |gup.nans | ||
''gȳ́pnan'' | ''gȳ́pnan'' | ||
|gup.ans.ai | |gup.ans.ai | ||
'' | ''gȳ́phanta'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|Genitive | ! scope="row"|Genitive | ||
|gup.əis | |gup.əis | ||
'' | ''gȳ́phi'' | ||
|gup.nəis | |gup.nəis | ||
''gȳ́pni'' | ''gȳ́pni'' | ||
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! scope="row"|Locative | ! scope="row"|Locative | ||
|gup.os | |gup.os | ||
'' | ''gȳ́phou'' | ||
|gup.nos | |gup.nos | ||
''gȳ́pnou'' | ''gȳ́pnou'' | ||
|gup.os.əi | |gup.os.əi | ||
'' | ''gȳ́phouri'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|Vocative | ! scope="row"|Vocative | ||
|gup.əs | |gup.əs | ||
'' | ''gouphá'' | ||
|gup.əs | |gup.əs | ||
''gȳ́pne'' | ''gȳ́pne'' | ||
|gup.əs.əi | |gup.əs.əi | ||
'' | ''gouphéri'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,200: | Line 1,130: | ||
''spatī́ere'' | ''spatī́ere'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Ris]] | [[Category:Ris]] |