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The '''Ris morphology''' is mainly morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. [[Ris]] tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.
'''Ris morphology''' is mainly morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. [[Ris]] tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.


{{Ris sidebar}}
{{Ris sidebar}}
Line 7: Line 7:


The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.
The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.
====First conjugation====
The first paradigm is in the [[Ris#Active voice|active voice]]. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".


Three basic form of the Ris verbs is the supine. It acts like a verbal noun and most often ends in <-er> or <-a>. There are no tenses in the language.
====Active conjugation====
The first paradigm is in the [[Ris#Active voice|active voice]]. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with the enclitic first  person pronouns.


{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
=====Positive paradigm=====
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="5" scope="col"|''katḗr -'' to write
! colspan="5" scope="col"|''kater -'' to write
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Supine
! scope="col"|Supine
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''katḗra''
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''kater''
|-
|-
! scope="col"|Participle
! scope="col"|Participle
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''katránta''
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''katramena''
|-
|-
! scope="col"|Indicative
! scope="col"|Indicative
Line 30: Line 32:
|-
|-
!Perfective
!Perfective
|ka.tə.ro
|ká.te.ro
''katḗro''
 
|ka.tər.ra
''katero''
''katḗrra''
|ka.tér.ra
|ka.tə.re.wa
 
''katḗreua''
''katerrha''
|ka.tər.ro
|ka.te.ríj.a
''katḗrro''
''katria''
|ka.tér.ro
''katerrho''
|-
|-
!Imperfective
!Imperfective
|ka.tə.ris.to
|ka.te.rís.to
''katrísto''
''katristo''
|ka.tər.ris.ta
|ka.tér.ris.ta
''katḗrrista''
''katerrhista''
|ka.tə.ris.twa
|ka.te.rís.tia
''katrístoua''
''katristia''
|ka.tər.ris.to
|ka.tér.ris.to
''katḗrristo''
''katerrhisto''
|-
|-
!Iterative
!Iterative
|ki.ka.tə.ro
|ki.ká.te.ro
''kikátro''
''kikatero''
|ki.ka.tər.ra
|ki.ka.tér.ra
''kikatḗrra''
''kikaterrha''
|ki.ka.tə.re.wa
|ki.ka.tə.ríj.a
''kikátreua''
''kikatria''
|ki.ka.tər.ro
|ki.ka.tér.ro
''kikatḗrro''
''kikaterrho''
|-
|-
! colspan="5"|Applicatives
! colspan="5"|Applicative forms
|-
|-
!Cessative
!Cessative
|ka.tə.ras.kho
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ka.tə.rás.χo
''katráskho''
''katraskho''
|ka.tər.ras.kha
''katḗrraskha''
|ka.tə.ras.khe.wa
''katráskheua''
|ka.tər.ras.kho
''katḗrraskho''
|-
|-
!Inceptive
!Inceptive
|ka.tə.ri(.)zo
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ka.te.ríz.o
''katrízo/katḗrizo''
''katrizo/katerizo''
|ka.tər.ri.za
''katḗrriza''
|ka.tə.ri.zwa
''katḗrizoua''
|ka.tər.ri.zo
''katḗrrizo''
|-
|-
!Benefactive
!Benefactive
|ka.te.ri.o
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ka.te.rés.a
''katḗrio''
''katresa''
|ka.ter.ria
''katḗrria''
|ka.te.ri.wa
''katḗrioua''
|ka.ter.ri.o
''katḗrrio''
|}
|}


=====Negative paradigm=====
The negative conjugation of verbs is most often formed by infixing an <nowiki><-</nowiki>n<nowiki>-></nowiki> to the first or second consonant.


{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5" scope="col"|''kanther -'' not to write
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Supine
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''kanther''
|-
! scope="col"|Participle
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''kanthramena''
|-
! scope="col"|Indicative
! scope="col"|Subjunctive
! scope="col"|Potential
! scope="col"|Imperative
|-
! colspan="5" scope="col"|Aspects
|-
!Perfective
|kán.θe.ro
 
''kanthro''
|kan.θér.ra
 
''kantherrha''
|kan.θe.ríj.a
''kanthria''
|kan.θér.ro
''kantherrho''
|-
!Imperfective
|kan.θe.rís.to
''kanthristo''
|kan.θér.ris.ta
''kantherrhista''
|kan.θe.rís.ti.a
''katristia''
|kan.θér.ris.to
''kantherrhisto''
|-
!Iterative
|kã.kán.θe.ro
''kaukanthro''
|kã.kan.θér.ra
''kaukantherrha''
|kã.kan.θe.ríj.a
''kaukanthria''
|ki.kan.θér.ro
''kaukantherrho''
|-
! colspan="5"|Applicative forms
|-
!Cessative
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|kan.θe.rás.χo
''kanthraskho''
|-
!Inceptive
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|kan.θe.ríz.o
''kanthrizo''
|-
|-
! colspan="5" scope="col"|''mní -'' to see
!Benefactive
|-! rowspan="3" scope="col"|! scope="col"|Supine| colspan="3" scope="col"|''mnía''|-! scope="col"|Participle| colspan="3" scope="col"|''mnínta''|-! scope="col"|Indicative! scope="col"|Subjunctive! scope="col"|Potential! scope="col"|Imperative|-! colspan="5" scope="col"|Aspects|-!Perfective|mwi.o''mnío''|mwi.ra''mníra''|mwi.wa''mníoua''|mwi.ro''mníro''|-!Imperfective|mwi.is.to''mnī́sto''|mwi.ris.ta''mnirísta''|mwi.is.twa
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|kan.θe.rés.a
''kanthresa''
|}


''mnī́stoua''|mwi.ris.to''minrísto''|-!Iterative|me.mwi.o''memnío''|me.mwi.ra''memníra''|me.mwi.wa''memníoua''|me.mwi.ro''memníro''|-! colspan="5"|Applicatives|-!Cessative|mwi.as.kho''mnískho''|mwi.ras.kha''mniráskha''|mwi.as.khe.wa''mniáskheua''|mwi.ras.kho''mniráskho''|-!Inceptive|mni.i.zo''mnī́zo''|mwi.ri.za''mníriza''|mwi.ri.zwa''mnírizoua''|mwi.ri.zo''mnírizo''|-!Benefactive|mni.i.o''mnī́o''|mwi.ri.a''mníria''|mwi.i.wa''mnī́oua''|mwi.ri.o''mnírio''|}
===Mediopassive conjugation===
The [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive]] voice is created by prefixing <an-> to the verb, or sometimes <ana->.


==Nominal==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Declension====
====Declension====
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Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a [[w:pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 [[Ris#Number|numbers]], and 7 [[Ris#Cases|cases]].
Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a [[w:pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 [[Ris#Number|numbers]], and 7 [[Ris#Cases|cases]].


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="10"|Ris first and second personal pronouns
|-
|-
!Number→
!Number→
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! colspan="3" scope="col"|Plural
! colspan="3" scope="col"|Plural


! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
|-
!Person→
!Person→
Line 147: Line 199:
!Patientive
!Patientive


|''ei''
|''me''


|''ka''
|''ka''
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|''nai''
|''nai''


|''káne''
|''kane''


|''our''
|''our''


|''néra''
|''nera''


|''kéra''
|''kera''


|
|-
|-
!Agentive
!Agentive


|''éu''
|''eu''


|''keu''
|''keu''
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|''kau''
|''kau''


|''óuna''
|''ouna''


|''nau''
|''nau''


|''kéune''
|''keune''


|''ounár''
|''ounar''


|''náura''
|''naura''


|''kéura''
|''keura''


|
|-
|-
!Dative
!Dative
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|''nes''
|''nes''


|''káne''
|''kane''


|''oui''
|''oui''
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|''kei''
|''kei''


|
|-
|-
!Instrumental
!Instrumental


|''ména''
|''mena''


|''kána''
|''kana''


|''kéna''
|''kena''


|''ouéna''
|''ouena''


|''nénas''
|''nenas''


|''kánan''
|''kanan''


|''ouenár''
|''ouenar''


|''nénai''
|''nenai''


|''kenár''
|''kenar''


|
|-
|-
!Locative
!Locative
Line 245: Line 293:
|''niou''
|''niou''


|''kóune''
|''koune''


|''our''
|''our''


|''nióura''
|''nioura''


|''kióura''
|''kioura''


|
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Genitive
Line 265: Line 312:
|''nias''
|''nias''


|''kiáne''
|''kiane''


|''ouiár''
|''ouiar''


|''niai''
|''nai''


|''kiára''
|''kiara''
 
|
|-
|-
!Vocative
!Vocative
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|''nei''
|''nei''


|''káne''
|''kane''


|''our''
|''our''
Line 294: Line 339:


|''ker''
|''ker''
|}


|
The third person pronouns belong to the first paradigm of nouns, and are much more regular than the first and second person pronouns, although not completely regular. Like many other languages, Ris uses the third person pronouns to serve as demonstratives as well. In Ris' case, they are proximal demonstratives.
|}


The patientive inanimate singulative pronoun also happens to be the [[Ris#The topic marker|Ris topic marker]].


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
! colspan="7"|Ris proximal demonstratives


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6"|Ris proximal demonstratives
|-
|-
!Number→
!Number→
Line 310: Line 358:


! scope="col"|Plural
! scope="col"|Plural
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
|-
!Person→
!Person→
Line 331: Line 377:
!Patientive
!Patientive


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''en''
 
|


|''as''
|''as''


|
|''ante''


|''ar''
|''atai''
 
|
|-
|-
!Agentive
!Agentive


|
|''he''


|
|''hai''


|''aus''
|''atir''


|
|''antir''


|''áuras''
|''athe''
 
|
|-
|-
!Dative
!Dative


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''enai''
 
|
 
|''as''


|
|''ati''


|''ar''
|''antai''


|
|''ata''
|-
|-
!Instrumental
!Instrumental


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ena''
 
|
 
|''ánas''


|
|''atan''


|''árnas''
|''antan''


|
|''atanta''
|-
|-
!Locative
!Genitive


|
|''hei''


|
|''hai''


|''au''
|''ai''
 
|


|''áura''
|''anti''


|
|''athi''
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Locative


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''enou''


|
|''au''


|''ai''
|''antou''
 
|
 
|''er''


|
|''atouri''
|-
|-
!Vocative
!Vocative


|
|''he''


|
|''hia''


|''as''
|''as''


|
|''ante''


|''ar''
|''athi''
 
|
|}
|}


=====Enclitic=====
=====Enclitic=====
Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject and object of the verb. The object is only marked if it is not an [[w:apellative noun|apellative noun]].
Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject or agent of the verb.  


The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the [[Ris#Core cases|core cases]], the patientive and agentive.  
The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the [[Ris#Core cases|core cases]], the patientive and agentive.  


*If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the [[Ris#Agentive|agentive]]. If it is not, it gets the [[Ris#Patientive|patientive]].  
*If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the [[Ris#Agentive|agentive]]. If it is not, it gets the [[Ris#Patientive|patientive]].  
*The object is always in the patientive.


The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the [[Ris#Indicative|indicative]] or [[Ris#Jussive|jussive]] moods, and the subjunctive when it is in the [[Ris#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] or [[Ris#Imperative|imperative]].
The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the [[Ris#Indicative|indicative]] or [[Ris#Imperative|Imperative]] moods, and the subjunctive when it is either in the [[Ris#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] or in the [[Ris#Potential|Potential]].




{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" scope="col"|Ris pronominal enclitics
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col"|
! colspan="13" scope="col"|Ris pronominal enclitics
 
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" scope="col"|
 
! colspan="3" scope="col"|singular
! colspan="3" scope="col"|singular
! colspan="3" scope="col"|dual
 
! colspan="3" scope="col"|plural
! colspan="4" scope="col"|dual
 
! colspan="4" scope="col"|plural
 
|-
|-
! scope="col"|1st
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |1st
! scope="col"|2nd
 
! scope="col"|3rd
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |2nd
! scope="col"|1st
 
! scope="col"|2nd
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |3rd
! scope="col"|3rd
 
! scope="col"|1st
! scope="col" colspan="2"|1st
! scope="col"|2nd
 
! scope="col"|3rd
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |2nd
 
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |3rd
 
! scope="col" colspan="2"|1st
 
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |2nd
 
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |3rd
|-
|-
! colspan="11"|Indicative (and jussive)
 
! exc.
 
! inc.
 
! exc.
 
! inc.
 
|-
! colspan="13"|Indicative and imperative
 
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Subject
! rowspan="2"|Subject
!Patientive
!Patientive
|''-o''
|''-o''
|''-i''
 
|''-ei''
 
|''-a''
|''-a''
|''-on''
|''-on''
|''-in''
 
|''-an''
|''-ai''
 
|''-eni''
 
|''-ani''
 
|''-ouna''
|''-ouna''
|''-ia''
 
|''-asi''
|''anai''
 
|''-ana''
 
|''-ina''
 
|-
|-
!Agentive
!Agentive
|''-ōn''
 
|''-īn''
|''-os''
|''-en''
 
|''-ōne''
|''-es''
|''-īne''
 
|''-ene''
|''-as''
|''-ounen''
 
|''-ien''
|''-onta''
|''-asīn''
 
|''-es''
 
|''-enta''
 
|''-anta''
 
|''-ounas''
 
|''-anes''
 
|''-ines''
 
|''-anas''
 
|-
|-
!Object
 
!Patientive
|''-mi''
|''-s''
|''-i''
|''-min''
|''-ns''
|''-in''
|''-mou''
|''-tsa''
|''-as''
|-
|-
! colspan="11"|Subjunctive (and imperative)
! colspan="13"|Subjunctive and potential
 
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Subject
! rowspan="2"|Subject
!Patientive
!Patientive
|''-a''
|''-a''
|''-ei''
 
|''-ai''
|''-oua''
|''-an''
 
|''-ēn''
|''-oui''
|''-en''
 
|''-ouna''
|''-or''
|''-ia''
 
|''-asi''
|''er''
 
|''-ar''
 
|''-ir''
 
|''-ora''
 
|''era''
 
|''-ara''
 
|''-ira''
 
|-
|-
!Agentive
!Agentive
|''-en''
 
|''-ēn''
|''-as''
|''-ēn''
 
|''-ene''
|''-ouas''
|''-ēne''
 
|''-ēne''
|''-ouis''
|''-ounen''
 
|''-ien''
|''-oster''
|''-asīn''
 
|''-ester''
 
|''-aster''
 
|''-ister''
 
|''-ostra''
 
|''-estra''
 
|''-astra''
 
|''-istra''
 
|-
|-
!Object
 
!Patientive
|''-mi''
|''-s''
|''-i''
|''-min''
|''-ns''
|''-in''
|''-mou''
|''-tsa''
|''-as''
|}
|}


Line 545: Line 632:
*C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V
*C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V
=====First paradigm=====
=====First paradigm=====
Dated, but the inflexion ought to work for the relay. Nouns ending in <-n> recieve a stem of <-nta>, in the declensions.
The singulative corresponds to singular, the plurative to plural, and the collective is nowadays called the plural indefinite.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible  mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible  mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="4"|''kḗrax'' - bird
! colspan="4"|''kḗrax'' - bird
Line 622: Line 712:
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|gȳ́p-
! scope="col"|gȳ́p-
! scope="col"|gȳ́ps - friend-to-be
! scope="col"|gȳ́ps - friend-to-be; kin
! scope="col"|ma-an
! scope="col"|ma-an
|-
|-
Line 633: Line 723:
|gup.əs
|gup.əs
''gȳ́ps''
''gȳ́ps''
|gup.nəs
|guph.nəs
''gȳ́pne''
''gȳ́pne''
|gup.ais
|guph.ais
''gȳ́pai''
''gȳ́phai''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Agentive
! scope="row"|Agentive
|gup.əis.ə
|gup.əis.ə
''gȳ́pir''
''gȳ́phir''
|gup.nəis.ə
|gup.nəis.ə
''gȳ́pnir''
''gȳ́pnir''
Line 648: Line 738:
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|gup.ais
|gup.ais
''gȳ́pai''
''gȳ́phai''
|gup.nais
|gup.nais
''gȳ́pnai''
''gȳ́pnai''
Line 656: Line 746:
! scope="row"|Instrumental
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|gup.ans
|gup.ans
''gȳ́pan''
''gȳ́phan''
|gup.nans
|gup.nans
''gȳ́pnan''
''gȳ́pnan''
|gup.ans.ai
|gup.ans.ai
''gȳ́panta''
''gȳ́phanta''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
! scope="row"|Genitive
|gup.əis
|gup.əis
''gȳ́pi''
''gȳ́phi''
|gup.nəis
|gup.nəis
''gȳ́pni''
''gȳ́pni''
Line 672: Line 762:
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="row"|Locative
|gup.os
|gup.os
''gȳ́pou''
''gȳ́phou''
|gup.nos
|gup.nos
''gȳ́pnou''
''gȳ́pnou''
|gup.os.əi
|gup.os.əi
''gȳ́pouri''
''gȳ́phouri''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Vocative
! scope="row"|Vocative
|gup.əs
|gup.əs
''goupá''
''gouphá''
|gup.əs
|gup.əs
''gȳ́pne''
''gȳ́pne''
|gup.əs.əi
|gup.əs.əi
''goupéri''
''gouphéri''
|}
|}


Line 1,040: Line 1,130:
''spatī́ere''
''spatī́ere''
|}
|}
====Number====
Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called [[w:singulative number|collective-singulative]] distinction.
The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the [[w:collective number|collective]], which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify [[w:dual number|dual]]s. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.
=====Singulative=====
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
{|  cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''thýo trḗ{{blue|ma}}'''
!
| colspan="4"|'''mnío {{blue|klī́ta}} mna'''
!
| colspan="5"|'''íntrai páki{{blue|ma}} ḗs?'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/
!
| colspan="4"|/ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/
!
| colspan="5"|/ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>thý</small>
|<small>-o</small>
|<small>trḗ</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ma}}</small>
!
|<small>mní</small>
|<small>-o</small>
|<small>{{blue|klī́ta}}</small>
|<small>mna</small>
!
|<small>ín-</small>
|<small>-trai</small>
|<small>paki-</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ma}}</small>
|<small>ḗs</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|to want
| -{{sc|ind.prfv.1.sg.m}}
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|pat.{{blue|sg}}}}
!
|to see
| -{{sc|ind.prfv.1.sg.m}}
|wolf.{{sc|ma.an.pat.{{blue|sg}}}}
| one
!
|to be
| -{{sc|subj.prfv.1.sg.m}}
|time.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|pat.{{blue|sg}}}}
| you.{{sc|2.dat.sg.an.}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"| ''I want a grain of wheat.''
!
| colspan="4"|''I see a wolf.''
!
| colspan="5"|''Do you have a minute?''
|}


[[Category:Ris]]
[[Category:Ris]]
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