Ris/Morphology
The Ris morphology is mainly morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. Ris tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.
Verbal
Conjugation
- Main article: Ris conjugation
The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.
First paradigm
The first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".
| káter - to write | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supine | kátremas | |||
| Participle | katrántas | |||
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Jussive | Imperative | |
| Perfective | kátero | katérra | katerévo | káterra |
| Imperfective | káterto1 | katérratha | kateréutho2 | katérratha |
| Inceptive | hékatro | hékatra | hékatrevo | hékatra |
| Cessative | kateráskho | katérraskha | katerépso | katérraskha |
| Causative | kátrizo | katérraza | kátreuzo | katérraza |
| Iterative | kékatro | hékhatra | kékatrevo | hékhatra |
| thýo - to want | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supine | thýemas | |||
| Participle | thyantás | |||
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Jussive | Imperative | |
| Perfective | thýo | thýna | thýevo | thýnta |
| Imperfective | thýgio1 | thýnagia | thyéugio2 | thýnagia |
| Inceptive | héthyo | héthyna | héthynevo | héthynta |
| Cessative | thýaskho | thynáskha | thýepso | thynáskha |
| Causative | thýazo | thýnaza | thýeuzo | thýnaza |
| Iterative | téthyo | héthyna | héthyo | héthynta |
| rásto - to destroy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supine | rástmas | |||
| Participle | rástantas | |||
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Jussive | Imperative | |
| Perfective | rásto | rástna | rástevo | rástna |
| Imperfective | rástēo1 | rástnēa | rástēvo2 | rástnēa |
| Inceptive | herástēo | herástnēa | herástēvo | herástnēa |
| Cessative | rástaskho | rástnaskha | rástepso | rástnaskha |
| Causative | rástizo | rástniza | rástneuzo | rásniza |
| Iterative | rerásto | hérrasta | rerástevo | hérrasta |
Pronouns
Declension
Independent
Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases.
Enclitic
Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject and object of the verb. The object is only marked if it is not an apellative noun.
The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.
- If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the agentive. If it is not, it gets the patientive.
- The object is always in the patientive.
The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or jussive moods, and the subjunctive when it is in the subjunctive or imperative.
| Ris pronominal enclitics | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | ||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||
| Indicative (and jussive) | ||||||||||
| Subject | Patientive | -o | -i | -a | -on | -in | -an | -ouna | -ia | -asi |
| Agentive | -ōn | -īn | -en | -ōne | -īne | -ene | -ounen | -ien | -asīn | |
| Object | Patientive | -mi | -s | -i | -min | -ns | -in | -mou | -tsa | -as |
| Subjunctive (and imperative) | ||||||||||
| Subject | Patientive | -a | -ei | -ai | -an | -ēn | -en | -ouna | -ia | -asi |
| Agentive | -en | -ēn | -ēn | -ene | -ēne | -ēne | -ounen | -ien | -asīn | |
| Object | Patientive | -mi | -s | -i | -min | -ns | -in | -mou | -tsa | -as |
Nominal
The nominal morphology is split into a number of classes.
Declension
- Main article: Ris declension
| Animate marked collective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ma.an | gýtē - fish | ||
| singulative | dual-collective | plurative | |
| Patientive | gýtē | gytḗn | gytḗr |
| Agentive | gytḗr | gytḗrne | gytḗra |
| Dative | gytḗs | gytḗnse | gytḗi |
| Instrumental | gytḗn | gytḗnne | gytḗs |
| Genitive | gýtēa | gýtēan | gytēái |
| Locative | gýtēia | gýtēian | gýtēiar |
| Vocative | gýta | gýtan | gytár |
Number
Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called collective-singulative distinction.
The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.
Singulative
The singulative (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
| thýo trḗma | mnío klī́ta mna | íntrai pákima ḗs? | ||||||||||||
| /ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/ | /ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/ | /ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/ | ||||||||||||
| thý | -o | trḗ | -ma | mní | -o | klī́ta | mna | ín- | -trai | paki- | -ma | ḗs | ||
| to want | -ind.prfv.1.sg.m | wheat.unm.inan | -pat.sg | to see | -ind.prfv.1.sg.m | wolf.ma.an.pat.sg | one | to be | -subj.prfv.1.sg.m | time.unm.inan | -pat.sg | you.2.dat.sg.an. | ||
| I want a grain of wheat. | I see a wolf. | Do you have a minute? | ||||||||||||