Ris/Morphology

The Ris morphology is mainly morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. Ris tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.



Verbal

Conjugation

Main article: Ris conjugation

The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.

First conjugation

katḗr - to write
Supine katḗra
Participle katránta
Indicative Subjunctive Potential Imperative
Aspects
Perfective ka.tə.ro

katḗro

ka.tər.ra

katḗrra

ka.tə.re.wa

katḗreua

ka.tər.ro

katḗrro

Imperfective ka.tə.ris.to

katrísto

ka.tər.ris.ta

katḗrrista

ka.tə.ris.twa

katrístoua

ka.tər.ris.to

katḗrristo

Iterative ki.ka.tə.ro

kikátro

ki.ka.tər.ra

kikatḗrra

ki.ka.tə.re.wa

kikátreua

ka.tə.ro

kikatḗrro

Applicatives
Cessative ka.tə.ras.kho

katráskho

ka.tər.ras.kha

katḗrraskha

ka.tə.ras.khe.wa

katráskheua

ka.tər.ras.kho

katḗrraskho

Inceptive ka.tə.ri(.)zo

katrízo/katḗrizo

ka.tər.ri.za

katḗrriza

ka.tə.ri.zwa

katḗrizoua

ka.tər.ri.zo

katḗrrizo

Benefactive ka.te.ri.o

katḗrio

ka.ter.ria

katḗrria

ka.te.ri.wa

katḗrioua

ka.ter.ri.o

katḗrrio


katḗr - to write
Supine katḗra
Participle katránta
Indicative Subjunctive Potential Imperative
Aspects
Perfective ka.tə.ro

katḗro

ka.tər.ra

katḗrra

ka.tə.re.wa

katḗreua

ka.tər.ro

katḗrro

Imperfective ka.tə.ris.to

katrísto

ka.tər.ris.ta

katḗrrista

ka.tə.ris.twa

katrístoua

ka.tər.ris.to

katḗrristo

Iterative ki.ka.tə.ro

kikátro

ki.ka.tər.ra

kikatḗrra

ki.ka.tə.re.wa

kikátreua

ka.tə.ro

kikatḗrro

Applicatives
Cessative ka.tə.ras.kho

kat'ráskho

ka.tər.ras.kha

katḗrraskha

ka.tə.ras.khe.wa

katráskheua

ka.tər.ras.kho

katḗrraskho

Inceptive ka.tə.ri(.)zo

katrízo/katḗrizo

ka.tər.ri.za

katḗrriza

ka.tə.ri.zwa

katḗrizoua

ka.tər.ri.zo

katḗrrizo

Benefactive ka.te.ri.o

katḗrio

ka.ter.ria

katḗrria

ka.te.ri.wa

katḗrioua

ka.ter.ri.o

katḗrrio

First paradigm

The first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".


thýo - to want
Supine thýemas
Participle thyantás
Indicative Subjunctive Jussive Imperative
Perfective thýo thýna thýevo thýnta
Imperfective thýgio1 thýnagia thyéugio2 thýnagia
Inceptive héthyo héthyna héthynevo héthynta
Cessative thýaskho thynáskha thýepso thynáskha
Causative thýazo thýnaza thýeuzo thýnaza
Iterative téthyo héthyna héthyo héthynta


rásto - to destroy
Supine rástmas
Participle rástantas
Indicative Subjunctive Jussive Imperative
Perfective rásto rástna rástevo rástna
Imperfective rástēo1 rástnēa rástēvo2 rástnēa
Inceptive herástēo herástnēa herástēvo herástnēa
Cessative rástaskho rástnaskha rástepso rástnaskha
Causative rástizo rástniza rástneuzo rásniza
Iterative rerásto hérrasta rerástevo hérrasta

Pronouns

Declension

Independent

Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases.

Number→ Singular Dual Plural Reflexive
Person→ 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
Case ↓ Animate masculine Animate feminine Exclusive Inclusive Exclusive Inclusive
Patientive ei ka kai ou nai káne our néra kéra
Agentive éu keu kau óuna nau kéune ounár náura kéura
Dative mas kas kes ous nes káne oui nei kei
Instrumental ména kána kéna ouéna nénas kánan ouenár nénai kenár
Locative mou kou kiou ou niou kóune our nióura kióura
Genitive mia kia ouia nias kiáne ouiár niai kiára
Vocative me ka kei ou nei káne our ner ker


Ris proximal demonstratives
Number→ Singular Dual Plural Reflexive
Person→ 3rd 3rd 3rd
Case ↓ Animate masculine Animate feminine Inanimate
Patientive as ar
Agentive aus áuras
Dative as ar
Instrumental ánas árnas
Locative au áura
Genitive ai er
Vocative as ar
Enclitic

Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject and object of the verb. The object is only marked if it is not an apellative noun.

The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.

  • If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the agentive. If it is not, it gets the patientive.
  • The object is always in the patientive.

The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or jussive moods, and the subjunctive when it is in the subjunctive or imperative.


Ris pronominal enclitics
singular dual plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative (and jussive)
Subject Patientive -o -i -a -on -in -an -ouna -ia -asi
Agentive -ōn -īn -en -ōne -īne -ene -ounen -ien -asīn
Object Patientive -mi -s -i -min -ns -in -mou -tsa -as
Subjunctive (and imperative)
Subject Patientive -a -ei -ai -an -ēn -en -ouna -ia -asi
Agentive -en -ēn -ēn -ene -ēne -ēne -ounen -ien -asīn
Object Patientive -mi -s -i -min -ns -in -mou -tsa -as

Nominal

The nominal morphology is split into a number of classes, and there is a variety of different paradigms. The principal parts of a noun are therefore essential to memorise the paradigm.

There are three principal parts in Ris; the patientive singulative, the agentive singulative, and the agentive plurative. These forms helps you deduce the remaining forms.

Declension

Various sound changes:

  • əs[-stress] > s / C[+plosive]_#
  • əis > ei / _#
  • əi > e / _#
  • əis > ir / C_V
  • V[-stress]s > t / C[+plosive]_V
  • C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V
First paradigm
kḗrax - bird
kḗrak- kḗrax - bird ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive keir.ak.əs

kḗrax

keir.ak.nəs

kḗrakne

keir.ak.ais

kḗrakai

Agentive keir.ak.əis.ə

kḗrakir

keir.ak.nəis.ə

kḗraknir

keir.ak.əis.əs

kerā́kte

Dative keir.ak.ais

kḗrakai

keir.ak.nais

kḗraknai

keir.ak.ais.ai

kḗrakta

Instrumental keir.ak.ans

kḗrakan

keir.ak.nans

kḗraknan

keir.ak.ans.ai

kḗrakanta

Genitive keir.ak.əis

kḗraki

keir.ak.nəis

kḗrakni

keir.ak.əis.əi

kḗrakti

Locative keir.ak.os

kḗrakou

keir.ak.nos

kḗraknou

keir.ak.os.əi

kḗrakouri

Vocative keir.ak.əs

kḗrax

ker.ak.əs

kḗrakne

keir.ak.əs.əi

kḗrakti


gȳ́ps - friend-to-be
gȳ́p- gȳ́ps - friend-to-be ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive gup.əs

gȳ́ps

gup.nəs

gȳ́pne

gup.ais

gȳ́pai

Agentive gup.əis.ə

gȳ́pir

gup.nəis.ə

gȳ́pnir

gup.əis.əs

gȳ́pte

Dative gup.ais

gȳ́pai

gup.nais

gȳ́pnai

gup.ais.ai

gȳ́pta

Instrumental gup.ans

gȳ́pan

gup.nans

gȳ́pnan

gup.ans.ai

gȳ́panta

Genitive gup.əis

gȳ́pi

gup.nəis

gȳ́pni

gup.əis.əi

gȳ́pti

Locative gup.os

gȳ́pou

gup.nos

gȳ́pnou

gup.os.əi

gȳ́pouri

Vocative gup.əs

goupá

gup.əs

gȳ́pne

gup.əs.əi

goupéri


pā́x - time
pā́g- pā́x - time unm-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive pag.mwəs
pā́gma
pag.əs

pā́x

pag.ais

pā́gai

Agentive pag.mwəs.ə
pā́gmar
pag.əis.ə

pā́gir

pag.əis.əs

pā́gte

Dative pag.mw.ais
pā́gmai
pag.ais

pā́gai

pag.ais.ai

pā́gta

Instrumental pag.mwans

pā́gman

pag.ans

pā́gan

pag.ans.ai

pā́ganta

Genitive pag.mwəis
pā́gme
pag.əis

pā́gi

pag.əis.əi

pā́gti

Locative pag.mwos
pā́gmau
pag.os

pā́gou

pag.os.əi

pā́gouri

Vocative pag.mwəs
pā́gma
pag.əs

pā́x

pag.əs.əi

pā́gti


káukas - songbird
káukat- káukas - song bird ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive kaw.kat.əs

káukas

kaw.kat.nəs

káukante

kaw.kat.ais

káukatai

Agentive kaw.kat.əis.ə

káukatir

kaw.kat.nəis.ə

káukantir

kaw.kat.əis.əs

káukathe

Dative kaw.kat.ais

káukatai

kaw.kat.nais

káukantai

kaw.kat.ais.ai

káukat

Instrumental kaw.kat.ans

káukatan

kaw.kat.nans

káukantan

kaw.kat.ans.ai

káukatanta

Genitive kaw.kat.əis

káukati

kaw.kat.nəis

káukanti

kaw.kat.əis.əi

káukathi

Locative kaw.kat.os

káukatou

kaw.kat.nos

káukantou

kaw.kat.os.əi

káukatouri

Vocative kaw.kat.əs

káukas

kaw.kat.əs

káukante

kaw.kat.əs.əi

káukathi

Second paradigm
píra - door
pír- píra- door ma-inan
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive pir.a

píra

pir.na

pírna

pir.ais

pírai

Agentive pir.əis.ə

pírer

pir.nəis.ə

pírnir

pir.əis.əs

pírrhe

Dative pir.ais

pírai

pir.nais

pírnai

pir.ais.ai

pírera

Instrumental pir.ans

píran

pir.nans

pírnan

pir.ans.ai

píranta

Genitive pir.əis

píri

pir.nəis

pírni

pir.əis.əi

pírrhi

Locative pir.os

pírou

pir.nos

pírnou

pir.os.əi

pírouri

Vocative pir.əs

píre

pir.nəs

pírne

pir.əs.əi

pírrhe


gýtei - fish
gýt- gýtei - fish ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive gut.əis

gýtei

gut.nəs

gýnte

gut.ais

gýtai

Agentive gut.əis.ə

gýtir

gut.nəis.ə

gýtir

gut.əis.əs

gýthe

Dative gut.ais

gýtai

gut.nais

gýntai

gut.ais.ai

gýtha

Instrumental gut.ans

gýtan

gut.nans

gýntan

gut.ans.ai

gýtanta

Genitive gut.əis

gýti

gut.nəis

gýnti

gut.əis.əi

gýthi

Locative gut.os

gýtou

gut.nos

gýntou

gut.os.əi

gýtouri

Vocative gut.əs

gýte

gut.nəs

gýnte

gut.əs.əi

gýthi

Third paradigm
spatī́a - house
spatəi- spatī́a - house ma-inan
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive spa.təi.as

spatī́a

spa.təi.nəs

spánte

spa.təi.ais

spatī́e

Agentive spa.təi.əis.ə

spatḗr

spa.təi.nəis.ə

spántir

spa.təi.əis.əs

spatḗre

Dative spa.təi.ais

spatī́e

spa.təi.nais

spántai

spa.təi.ais.ai

spatī́era

Instrumental spa.təi.ans

spatī́an

spa.təi.nans

spántan

spa.təi.ans.ai

spatī́anta

Genitive spa.təi.əis

spatḗ

spa.təi.nəis

spánti

spa.təi.əis.əi

spatḗri

Locative spa.təi.os

spatī́ou

spa.təi.nos

spántou

spa.təi.os.əi

spatī́ouri

Vocative spa.təi.əs

spatī́e

spa.təi.nəs

spánte

spa.təi.əs.əi

spatī́ere

Number

Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called collective-singulative distinction.

The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.

Singulative

The singulative (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.

thýo trḗma mnío klī́ta mna íntrai pákima ḗs?
/ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/ /ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/ /ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/
thý -o trḗ -ma mní -o klī́ta mna ín- -trai paki- -ma ḗs
to want -ind.prfv.1.sg.m wheat.unm.inan -pat.sg to see -ind.prfv.1.sg.m wolf.ma.an.pat.sg one to be -subj.prfv.1.sg.m time.unm.inan -pat.sg you.2.dat.sg.an.
I want a grain of wheat. I see a wolf. Do you have a minute?