Ris/Morphology
Ris morphology is mainly morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. Ris tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.
Verbal
Conjugation
- Main article: Ris conjugation
The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.
Active conjugation
The first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".
| katḗr - to write | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supine | katḗra | |||
| Participle | katránta | |||
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Potential | Imperative | |
| Aspects | ||||
| Perfective | ka.tə.ro
katḗro |
ka.tər.ra
katḗrra |
ka.tə.re.wa
katḗreua |
ka.tər.ro
katḗrro |
| Imperfective | ka.tə.ris.to
katrísto |
ka.tər.ris.ta
katḗrrista |
ka.tə.ris.twa
katrístoua |
ka.tər.ris.to
katḗrristo |
| Iterative | ki.ka.tə.ro
kikátro |
ki.ka.tər.ra
kikatḗrra |
ki.ka.tə.re.wa
kikátreua |
ki.ka.tər.ro
kikatḗrro |
| Applicatives | ||||
| Cessative | ka.tə.ras.kho
katráskho |
ka.tər.ras.kha
katḗrraskha |
ka.tə.ras.khe.wa
katráskheua |
ka.tər.ras.kho
katḗrraskho |
| Inceptive | ka.tə.ri(.)zo
katrízo/katḗrizo |
ka.tər.ri.za
katḗrriza |
ka.tə.ri.zwa
katḗrizoua |
ka.tər.ri.zo
katḗrrizo |
| Benefactive | ka.te.ri.o
katḗrio |
ka.ter.ria
katḗrria |
ka.te.ri.wa
katḗrioua |
ka.ter.ri.o
katḗrrio |
| mní - to see | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supine | mnía | |||
| Participle | mnínta | |||
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Potential | Imperative | |
| Aspects | ||||
| Perfective | mwi.o
mnío |
mwi.ra
mníra |
mwi.wa
mníoua |
mwi.ro
mníro |
| Imperfective | mwi.is.to
mnī́sto |
mwi.ris.ta
mnirísta |
mwi.is.twa
mnī́stoua |
mwi.ris.to
minrísto |
| Iterative | me.mwi.o
memnío |
me.mwi.ra
memníra |
me.mwi.wa
memníoua |
me.mwi.ro
memníro |
| Applicatives | ||||
| Cessative | mwi.as.kho
mnískho |
mwi.ras.kha
mniráskha |
mwi.as.khe.wa
mniáskheua |
mwi.ras.kho
mniráskho |
| Inceptive | mni.i.zo
mnī́zo |
mwi.ri.za
mníriza |
mwi.ri.zwa
mnírizoua |
mwi.ri.zo
mnírizo |
| Benefactive | mni.i.o
mnī́o |
mwi.ri.a
mníria |
mwi.i.wa
mnī́oua |
mwi.ri.o
mnírio |
Mediopassive conjugation
The mediopassive voice is created by prefixing an- to the verb, or sometimes en-.
Nominal
Pronouns
Declension
Independent
Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases.
| Ris first and second personal pronouns | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number→ | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||
| Person→ | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | |||
| Case ↓ | Animate masculine | Animate feminine | Exclusive | Inclusive | Exclusive | Inclusive | |||
| Patientive | me | ka | kai | ou | nai | kane | our | nera | kera |
| Agentive | eu | keu | kau | ouna | nau | keune | ounar | naura | keura |
| Dative | mas | kas | kes | ous | nes | kane | oui | nei | kei |
| Instrumental | mena | kana | kena | ouena | nenas | kanan | ouenar | nenai | kenar |
| Locative | mou | kou | kiou | ou | niou | koune | our | nioura | kioura |
| Genitive | mia | kia | ouia | nias | kiane | ouiar | niai | kiara | |
| Vocative | me | ka | kei | ou | nei | kane | our | ner | ker |
The third person pronouns belong to the first paradigm of nouns, and are much more regular than the first and second person pronouns, although not completely regular. Like many other languages, Ris uses the third person pronouns to serve as demonstratives as well. In Ris' case, they are proximal demonstratives.
The patientive inanimate singulative pronoun also happens to be the Ris topic marker.
| Ris proximal demonstratives | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number→ | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Person→ | 3rd | 3rd | 3rd | ||
| Case ↓ | Animate masculine | Animate feminine | Inanimate | ||
| Patientive | en | as | ante | atai | |
| Agentive | he | hai | atir | antir | athe |
| Dative | enai | ati | antai | ata | |
| Instrumental | ena | atan | antan | atanta | |
| Genitive | hei | hai | ai | anti | athi |
| Locative | enou | au | antou | atouri | |
| Vocative | he | hia | as | ante | athi |
Enclitic
Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject or agent of the verb.
The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.
- If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the agentive. If it is not, it gets the patientive.
The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or Imperative moods, and the subjunctive when it is either in the subjunctive or in the Potential.
| Ris pronominal enclitics | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||
| exc. | inc. | exc. | inc. | |||||||||
| Indicative and imperative | ||||||||||||
| Subject | Patientive | -o | -a | -i | -on | -ai | -an | -in | -ouna | anai | -ana | -ina |
| Agentive | -os | -as | -is | -onta | -es | -anta | -inta | -ounas | -anes | -anas | -ines | |
| Subjunctive and potential | ||||||||||||
| Subject | Patientive | -a | -oua | -oui | -or | er | -ar | -ir | -ora | era | -ara | -ira |
| Agentive | -as | -ouas | -ouis | -oster | -ester | -aster | -ister | -ostra | -estra | -astra | -istra | |
Nominal
The nominal morphology is split into a number of classes, and there is a variety of different paradigms. The principal parts of a noun are therefore essential to memorise the paradigm.
There are three principal parts in Ris; the patientive singulative, the agentive singulative, and the agentive plurative. These forms helps you deduce the remaining forms.
Declension
Various sound changes:
- əs[-stress] > s / C[+plosive]_#
- əis > ei / _#
- əi > e / _#
- əis > ir / C_V
- V[-stress]s > t / C[+plosive]_V
- C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V
First paradigm
| kḗrax - bird | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| kḗrak- | kḗrax - bird | ma-an | |
| Singulative | Dual-collective | Plurative | |
| Patientive | keir.ak.əs
kḗrax |
keir.ak.nəs
kḗrakne |
keir.ak.ais
kḗrakai |
| Agentive | keir.ak.əis.ə
kḗrakir |
keir.ak.nəis.ə
kḗraknir |
keir.ak.əis.əs
kerā́kte |
| Dative | keir.ak.ais
kḗrakai |
keir.ak.nais
kḗraknai |
keir.ak.ais.ai
kḗrakta |
| Instrumental | keir.ak.ans
kḗrakan |
keir.ak.nans
kḗraknan |
keir.ak.ans.ai
kḗrakanta |
| Genitive | keir.ak.əis
kḗraki |
keir.ak.nəis
kḗrakni |
keir.ak.əis.əi
kḗrakti |
| Locative | keir.ak.os
kḗrakou |
keir.ak.nos
kḗraknou |
keir.ak.os.əi
kḗrakouri |
| Vocative | keir.ak.əs
kḗrax |
ker.ak.əs
kḗrakne |
keir.ak.əs.əi
kḗrakti |
| gȳ́ps - friend-to-be | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| gȳ́p- | gȳ́ps - friend-to-be | ma-an | |
| Singulative | Dual-collective | Plurative | |
| Patientive | gup.əs
gȳ́ps |
gup.nəs
gȳ́pne |
gup.ais
gȳ́pai |
| Agentive | gup.əis.ə
gȳ́pir |
gup.nəis.ə
gȳ́pnir |
gup.əis.əs
gȳ́pte |
| Dative | gup.ais
gȳ́pai |
gup.nais
gȳ́pnai |
gup.ais.ai
gȳ́pta |
| Instrumental | gup.ans
gȳ́pan |
gup.nans
gȳ́pnan |
gup.ans.ai
gȳ́panta |
| Genitive | gup.əis
gȳ́pi |
gup.nəis
gȳ́pni |
gup.əis.əi
gȳ́pti |
| Locative | gup.os
gȳ́pou |
gup.nos
gȳ́pnou |
gup.os.əi
gȳ́pouri |
| Vocative | gup.əs
goupá |
gup.əs
gȳ́pne |
gup.əs.əi
goupéri |
| pā́x - time | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| pā́g- | pā́x - time | unm-an | |
| Singulative | Dual-collective | Plurative | |
| Patientive | pag.mwəs pā́gma |
pag.əs
pā́x |
pag.ais
pā́gai |
| Agentive | pag.mwəs.ə pā́gmar |
pag.əis.ə
pā́gir |
pag.əis.əs
pā́gte |
| Dative | pag.mw.ais pā́gmai |
pag.ais
pā́gai |
pag.ais.ai
pā́gta |
| Instrumental | pag.mwans
pā́gman |
pag.ans
pā́gan |
pag.ans.ai
pā́ganta |
| Genitive | pag.mwəis pā́gme |
pag.əis
pā́gi |
pag.əis.əi
pā́gti |
| Locative | pag.mwos pā́gmau |
pag.os
pā́gou |
pag.os.əi
pā́gouri |
| Vocative | pag.mwəs pā́gma |
pag.əs
pā́x |
pag.əs.əi
pā́gti |
| káukas - songbird | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| káukat- | káukas - song bird | ma-an | |
| Singulative | Dual-collective | Plurative | |
| Patientive | kaw.kat.əs
káukas |
kaw.kat.nəs
káukante |
kaw.kat.ais
káukatai |
| Agentive | kaw.kat.əis.ə
káukatir |
kaw.kat.nəis.ə
káukantir |
kaw.kat.əis.əs
káukathe |
| Dative | kaw.kat.ais
káukatai |
kaw.kat.nais
káukantai |
kaw.kat.ais.ai
káukat |
| Instrumental | kaw.kat.ans
káukatan |
kaw.kat.nans
káukantan |
kaw.kat.ans.ai
káukatanta |
| Genitive | kaw.kat.əis
káukati |
kaw.kat.nəis
káukanti |
kaw.kat.əis.əi
káukathi |
| Locative | kaw.kat.os
káukatou |
kaw.kat.nos
káukantou |
kaw.kat.os.əi
káukatouri |
| Vocative | kaw.kat.əs
káukas |
kaw.kat.əs
káukante |
kaw.kat.əs.əi
káukathi |
Second paradigm
| píra - door | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| pír- | píra- door | ma-inan | |
| Singulative | Dual-collective | Plurative | |
| Patientive | pir.a
píra |
pir.na
pírna |
pir.ais
pírai |
| Agentive | pir.əis.ə
pírer |
pir.nəis.ə
pírnir |
pir.əis.əs
pírrhe |
| Dative | pir.ais
pírai |
pir.nais
pírnai |
pir.ais.ai
pírera |
| Instrumental | pir.ans
píran |
pir.nans
pírnan |
pir.ans.ai
píranta |
| Genitive | pir.əis
píri |
pir.nəis
pírni |
pir.əis.əi
pírrhi |
| Locative | pir.os
pírou |
pir.nos
pírnou |
pir.os.əi
pírouri |
| Vocative | pir.əs
píre |
pir.nəs
pírne |
pir.əs.əi
pírrhe |
| gýtei - fish | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| gýt- | gýtei - fish | ma-an | |
| Singulative | Dual-collective | Plurative | |
| Patientive | gut.əis
gýtei |
gut.nəs
gýnte |
gut.ais
gýtai |
| Agentive | gut.əis.ə
gýtir |
gut.nəis.ə
gýtir |
gut.əis.əs
gýthe |
| Dative | gut.ais
gýtai |
gut.nais
gýntai |
gut.ais.ai
gýtha |
| Instrumental | gut.ans
gýtan |
gut.nans
gýntan |
gut.ans.ai
gýtanta |
| Genitive | gut.əis
gýti |
gut.nəis
gýnti |
gut.əis.əi
gýthi |
| Locative | gut.os
gýtou |
gut.nos
gýntou |
gut.os.əi
gýtouri |
| Vocative | gut.əs
gýte |
gut.nəs
gýnte |
gut.əs.əi
gýthi |
Third paradigm
| spatī́a - house | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| spatəi- | spatī́a - house | ma-inan | |
| Singulative | Dual-collective | Plurative | |
| Patientive | spa.təi.as
spatī́a |
spa.təi.nəs
spánte |
spa.təi.ais
spatī́e |
| Agentive | spa.təi.əis.ə
spatḗr |
spa.təi.nəis.ə
spántir |
spa.təi.əis.əs
spatḗre |
| Dative | spa.təi.ais
spatī́e |
spa.təi.nais
spántai |
spa.təi.ais.ai
spatī́era |
| Instrumental | spa.təi.ans
spatī́an |
spa.təi.nans
spántan |
spa.təi.ans.ai
spatī́anta |
| Genitive | spa.təi.əis
spatḗ |
spa.təi.nəis
spánti |
spa.təi.əis.əi
spatḗri |
| Locative | spa.təi.os
spatī́ou |
spa.təi.nos
spántou |
spa.təi.os.əi
spatī́ouri |
| Vocative | spa.təi.əs
spatī́e |
spa.təi.nəs
spánte |
spa.təi.əs.əi
spatī́ere |
Number
Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called collective-singulative distinction.
The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.
Singulative
The singulative (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
| thýo trḗma | mnío klī́ta mna | íntrai pákima ḗs? | ||||||||||||
| /ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/ | /ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/ | /ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/ | ||||||||||||
| thý | -o | trḗ | -ma | mní | -o | klī́ta | mna | ín- | -trai | paki- | -ma | ḗs | ||
| to want | -ind.prfv.1.sg.m | wheat.unm.inan | -pat.sg | to see | -ind.prfv.1.sg.m | wolf.ma.an.pat.sg | one | to be | -subj.prfv.1.sg.m | time.unm.inan | -pat.sg | you.2.dat.sg.an. | ||
| I want a grain of wheat. | I see a wolf. | Do you have a minute? | ||||||||||||