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Skellan is official in the [[Talma]]n nation of [[Verse:Tricin/Skella|Skella]] (''Sgewla'') ''SKEL-ə''. It is also de facto official in [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]] ''fə-SHOME'', [[Verse:Tricin/Þrwhas|Þrwhas]] ''THROO-həs'', and many other countries. | Skellan is official in the [[Talma]]n nation of [[Verse:Tricin/Skella|Skella]] (''Sgewla'') ''SKEL-ə''. It is also de facto official in [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]] ''fə-SHOME'', [[Verse:Tricin/Þrwhas|Þrwhas]] ''THROO-həs'', and many other countries. | ||
Skellan is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong (orthography-wise), English (especially Philadelphian and Scottish English), Khmer, and Gaelic. | Skellan is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong (orthography-wise; the word for 'people, folk' is ''hmoob'', in fact), English (especially Philadelphian and Scottish English), Khmer, and Gaelic. | ||
{{Eevo sidebar}} | {{Eevo sidebar}} | ||
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==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
Talmic vocab needs more b's and Cr-s | Talmic vocab needs more b's and Cr-s | ||
*Goal: Memrise courses | |||
*Goal: | |||
*"Reason, Compassion and Action" | *"Reason, Compassion and Action" | ||
**Symbolized by Borromean rings? | **Symbolized by Borromean rings? | ||
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**metals: -cis | **metals: -cis | ||
*How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take? | *How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take? | ||
*The "21 accents" of Skellan | *The "21 accents" of Skellan | ||
*(Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like ''french fries'' or ''English horn'' in English | *(Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like ''french fries'' or ''English horn'' in English | ||
*Vowel changes before /χ/ | *Vowel changes before /χ/ | ||
*positive anymore | *positive anymore | ||
*HOW MANDATORY ARE NUMBER MARKERS? - They tend to be used more for human nouns. | *HOW MANDATORY ARE NUMBER MARKERS? - They tend to be used more for human nouns. | ||
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*Merge postvocalic ''ñ'' and postvocalic ''l''? | *Merge postvocalic ''ñ'' and postvocalic ''l''? | ||
**No, but use llt > lt and make ''-l'' more common in Windermere | **No, but use llt > lt and make ''-l'' more common in Windermere | ||
*Folk etymology of mine: aver > average. So use this etymology: guess/try > most probable > average | *Folk etymology of mine: aver > average. So use this etymology: guess/try > most probable > average | ||
*more nouns with -i | *more nouns with -i | ||
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<!-- BLACKLIST: reeb/reep, fyg/fyc, xit/xid, cynd/cynt, harvi, yrma/irma --> | <!-- BLACKLIST: reeb/reep, fyg/fyc, xit/xid, cynd/cynt, harvi, yrma/irma --> | ||
*Some way to say 'the X associated with each' or 'their respective X' | *Some way to say 'the X associated with each' or 'their respective X' | ||
==Diachronics== | ==Diachronics== | ||
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| '''z''' /z/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || || || | | '''z''' /z/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="2"| Resonant<br/><small>'' | !rowspan="2"| Resonant<br/><small>''binnydúañ''</small> | ||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | !<small>unvoiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
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===Vowels (''motryłáj'')=== | ===Vowels (''motryłáj'')=== | ||
todo: use vowel shift ee oo øø > /ai au ay/? | todo: use vowel shift ee oo øø > /ai au ay/? | ||
The vowel inventory of Skellan is also fairly large, with 8 or 11 basic vowel qualities depending on the accent. Skellan also has many diphthongs, in addition to nasal vowels (in "nasal" accents; these vowels are written ''l'' or ''ñ'' in the Skellan orthography). | |||
The vowel inventory of Skellan is also fairly large, with 8 or 11 basic vowel qualities depending on the accent. Skellan also has many diphthongs, in addition to nasal vowels (in "nasal" accents; these vowels are written with ''l'' or ''ñ'' in the Skellan orthography). | |||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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====Nasal vowels==== | ====Nasal vowels==== | ||
The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ and V + /ŋ/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized or diphthongized. | The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ and V + /ŋ/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized or diphthongized. Most accents merge some nasal vowels with each other or with other vowels. Certain, "non-nasal" accents realize them as long vowels (with no nasalization) - these accents may have "linking" and "intrusive L" realized as [ʁ] or [ɴ̆] analogous to linking and intrusive R in non-rhotic English accents. A handful of remote dialects pronounce them as pharyngealized vowels or vowels followed by [ɫ]. | ||
This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography: | This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography: | ||
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Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular. | Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular. | ||
The following table roughly organizes the tense system of Modern Skellan as well as the regular forms for each; These are not all of the possible tenses as different constructions can be combined, e.g. ''Tynd fa dy desg naw lly nee rree.'' 'I have been eating for three days.' | Skellan preserves the [[Tigol]] tense system very well, but most of the forms have been replaced with analytic forms and particles. The following table roughly organizes the tense system of Modern Skellan as well as the regular forms for each in terms of principal parts (PRES = present stem; INF = infinitive; PST = past participle); These are not all of the possible tenses as different constructions can be combined, e.g. ''Tynd fa dy desg naw lly nee rree.'' 'I have been eating for three days.' | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Imperfective | ! style="" |Imperfective | ||
|past imperfect<br/>''jo | |past imperfect<br/>''jo PRES'' | ||
|present<br/>'' | |present<br/>''PRES'' | ||
|future I<br/>'' | |future I<br/>''PRES-t'' | ||
|imperative I<br/>'' | |imperative I<br/>''PRES-t!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Perfective | ! style="" |Perfective | ||
| simple past<br/>'' | | simple past<br/>''PST'' (regularly ''PRES-in'') | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| future II<br/>''so | | future II<br/>''so VN'' | ||
| imperative II<br/>'' | | imperative II<br/>''PRES!'' | ||
|- | |||
! style="" |Progressive | |||
| past progressive<br/>''fað dy INF, fady INF'' | |||
| present progressive<br/>''dy INF'' | |||
| future progressive<br/>''fahd ___ dy INF'' | |||
| imperative progressive<br/>''fahd dy INF, fahdy INF!'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Perfect | ! style="" |Perfect | ||
| past perfect<br/>'' | | past perfect<br/>''fað tynd VN, fand VN'' | ||
| present perfect<br/>''tynd | | present perfect<br/>''tynd VN'' | ||
| future perfect<br/>''so fa tynd | | future perfect<br/>''so fa tynd VN, so fand VN'' | ||
| imperative perfect<br/>''fa tynd | | imperative perfect<br/>''fa tynd VN! fand VN!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Imperative==== | ====Imperative==== | ||
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====Present==== | ====Present==== | ||
The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, ''Duvwñ, mol naw | The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, ''Duvwñ, mol naw iar'' means "Teacher, I thank you". | ||
Archaic Skellan (still used in some historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense: | Archaic Skellan (still used in some historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense: | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|emphatic | !|emphatic | ||
|'' | |''nawña''||''iarña''||''obña''||''eeña''||''ñeña''||''awbña''||''gwadña''||''swadña''||''awrña''||''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan= | !rowspan=2|Possessive | ||
!|sg. | !|sg. | ||
|'' | |''cy''||''ho''||''ið''||''ih''||''ið''||''oo''||''of''||''os''||''id'' | ||
|rowspan=2|''...ry car'' | |rowspan=2|''...ry car'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|pl. | !|pl. | ||
|'' | |''cyn''||''hon''||''in''||''in''||''in''||''om''||''onf''||''ons''||''ind'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=2|Dative | !rowspan=2|Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|emphatic | !|emphatic | ||
|'' | |''llynña''||''llesña''||''llebña''||''lleeña''||''llyña''||''llibña''||''llegña''||''lledña''||''llerña''||''-'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*''iar'' is commonly pronounced ''jyr''. | *''iar'' is commonly pronounced ''jyr''. | ||
*'''r'' is commonly used after a vowel. | *'''r'' is commonly used after a vowel. | ||
*''øø(ña)'' with inflected forms ''øð, lløø(ña)'' is by far the usual gender-neutral neopronoun. | |||
===Demonstratives=== | ===Demonstratives=== | ||
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====Degree==== | ====Degree==== | ||
Unlike other Talmic languages, Eevo has lost the Tigol comparative and superlative. However, some fossilized comparative forms have become new words in the modern language. | Unlike other Talmic languages, Eevo has lost the Tigol comparative and superlative. However, some fossilized comparative forms have become new words in the modern language. | ||
*'' | *''frøs X'' = comparative (from Tigol ''for·ois'' 'to go over') | ||
*''nuab X'' = superlative (from Classical Wdm. superlative ''nüüp'') | *''nuab X'' = superlative (from Classical Wdm. superlative ''nüüp'') | ||
*''llaw X'' = very | *''llaw X'' = very | ||
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! rowspan="4"|To... | ! rowspan="4"|To... | ||
! Noun | ! Noun | ||
| ''-wñ'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)<br/>''- | | ''-wñ'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)<br/>''-ið'' (diminutive)<br/>''-óm'' (augmentative; Tseer)<br/>''-emb'' (female suffix)<br/>''ni-'' (non-)<br/>''ir-'' (un-)<br/>''bah-'' (sub-)<br/>''ñal-'' 'before'<br/>''tynd-'' 'after'<br/>''-arn'' (collective) | ||
| ''-ah'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-ev'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-wñ'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument) | | ''-ah'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-ev'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-wñ'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument) | ||
| ''-vih'' (abstract noun)<br/>''hal-''(abstract noun)<br/>''-u'' (abstract noun)<br/>''-igi'' (one characterized by X) | | ''-vih'' (abstract noun)<br/>''hal-''(abstract noun)<br/>''-u'' (abstract noun)<br/>''-igi'' (one characterized by X) | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===Miscellaneous=== | |||
:'''''A brew emb pyduþ lleg, twm ñe emb xaðjon ñe taw pyduþ lleg sa, llysáin emb deljað e taw pyduþ lleg sa.''''' | |||
:''The reason we hope is not that what we hope for is likely, but that what we hope for is worth it.'' | |||
===A biology abstract=== | ===A biology abstract=== | ||
''Sloomañ awv a ñwdah yliñ-manoñg-lwtab iñtytseb rið prynel TSP3 dy ''Sigatføñxys batnyñtxar''. TSP3 ...'' | ''Sloomañ awv a ñwdah yliñ-manoñg-lwtab iñtytseb rið prynel TSP3 dy ''Sigatføñxys batnyñtxar''. TSP3 ...'' | ||
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===If not now, when?=== | ===If not now, when?=== | ||
:'''''Hinén geeb o, "I twm | :'''''Hinén geeb o, "I twm nawña llyn, tua a fahd llyn? Ah il naw diráð llynña, naw tua naw? As i twm sada, ihd?" (Pirgéj Avóoþ, 1′14″)''''' | ||
:''Hillel says, "If I am not for me, who will be for me? But if I am only for myself, who am I? And if not now, when?" (Pirkei Avot, 1:14)'' | :''Hillel says, "If I am not for me, who will be for me? But if I am only for myself, who am I? And if not now, when?" (Pirkei Avot, 1:14)'' | ||
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===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
:''Bo am sñøø awr rygéen as þur nai | :''Bo am sñøø awr rygéen as þur nai hyltsybás as zin. Awr lawr fyójin nai hylynbyþín as bintoçẃr, ceeda beð rer a tynsé hið velc dy heeb eeðagu.'' | ||
:DET.COL human be_born 3PL free and equal INS dignity and right. 3PL COP-3PL bestow-PST.PART INS rationality-COL and conscience-COL 3PL, therefore part GEN.3PL DET act towards one_another in spirit brotherhood | :DET.COL human be_born 3PL free and equal INS dignity and right. 3PL COP-3PL bestow-PST.PART INS rationality-COL and conscience-COL 3PL, therefore part GEN.3PL DET act towards one_another in spirit brotherhood | ||
:All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | :All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | ||
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==Poetry== | ==Poetry== | ||
Rhyming poetry is often said to be from [[Windermere/Classical|Windermere]] and [[Tseer/Classical|Tseer]] influence, as poetry in these languages tend to use rhyme. This supplanted ___ used in Tigol poetry. | Rhyming poetry is often said to be from [[Windermere/Classical|Windermere]] and [[Tseer/Classical|Tseer]] influence, as poetry in these languages tend to use rhyme. This supplanted ___ used in Tigol poetry. Eevo uses stress-accentual meters like trochaic/iambic/dactylic meters: the iambic pentameter is common as in English. | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||