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Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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Interrogatives are formed by changing the primary stress onto the first syllable and a rising pitch. This is indicated with ¿. | Interrogatives are formed by changing the primary stress onto the first syllable and a rising pitch. This is indicated with ¿. | ||
==Morphophonology== | |||
===Vowel form=== | |||
There are five ways of sound altering which may be used for grammatical purposes (mainly number, genitive case and imperfective aspect) | |||
*Lengthening: ''paata'' /pä:tä/, ''péete'' /pɛ:te/-/pɛe̯te/, ''póote'' /pɔ:te/ | |||
**Not used word-finally. | |||
*Lateral (release): ''plo'' /pˡə/, ''tla'' /tˡä/ | |||
**Western dialects keep the tongue on the alveolar ridge during vowel pronunciation so that the vowels have a distinct l-sound. Historically, this may have lead to the syllabic l. | |||
*Aspiration/breathy voice: ''pho'' /pʰə/~/ɸə/, ''bho'' /bʱə/~/βə/, ''tha'' /tʰä/~/θä/, ''dha'' /dʱä/~/ðɑ/. | |||
**In casual register, aspirated plosives of unstressed syllables turn into the corresponding fricatives as shown above. | |||
*Nasalization: ''on'' /ə̃~ɘ̃/ (compare ''oń'' /ən/) when ''n'' in [[Sceptrian#Phonotactics|coda]] | |||
**Close vowels (u, o, ó and i) are always nasalized between two nasals and all vowels after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but nasalization does not occur with open vowels and long ńg: ''nańge'' /näŋ:e/. | |||
*Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''ar'' /ä˞/ (compare ''oŕ'' /ər/~/r/ and ''aŕ'' /är/) | |||
**Nasalization does not occur simultaneously with rhoticization, except in Faanish dialect (near the border of Negovia): ''karon'' → ''karn'' /kæ̃˞/ | |||
===Consonant form=== | |||
Combining sounds | |||
*Lateralization | |||
**''s'' and ''z'' turn into ''sl'' and ''zh'' respectively | |||
**''f'' & ''v'' → ''fl'' & ''w'' | |||
**''l'' & ''r'' are geminated | |||
**''m'' & ''n'' → ''ng'' and ''ng'' → ''ńg'' | |||
* Aspiration | |||
**''s'' and ''z'' turn into ''sh'' and ''zh'' | |||
**''f'' & ''v'' are geminated | |||
**''l'' & ''r'' → ''lh'' and ''rh'' | |||
* Voicing and aspiration | |||
**''r'' → ''qh'', ''l'' → ''ldh'', ''v'' → ''w'' | |||
===Apophony=== | |||
Apophony is used for example to express adjective gender and to create different verb forms. | |||
'''Full''' | |||
*First: | |||
**e→é, o→ø, a→æ, u→i | |||
**ai→ei, ou→oi | |||
*Second: | |||
**e→ee, o→ó, a→aa, u→uu | |||
**ai→ii, ou→óo | |||
'''Partial''' | |||
*When root contains vowels ''é, ó, i, æ'' or diphthongs ''ei, oi'', the apophony is only partial: ''luwidh, luwidh, luwuudh'' | |||
*With ''ø'' and long vowels, all forms are usually the same. Formal register uses ''ée'' as the second apophony of ''ee''. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||