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|familycolor=hmong-mien | |familycolor=hmong-mien | ||
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]] | |fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]] | ||
|script= | |script=Hlou abugida | ||
|iso3= | |iso3= | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
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Hlou liberally uses Easter eggs. | Hlou liberally uses Easter eggs. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Standard=== | ===Standard (''Schlaub Bahn'')=== | ||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels. | Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ∅ | | ∅ | ||
| mid level / | | mid level / high checked (33~32) | ||
| ''lau'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant' | | ''lau'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Tone split from breathy voice < voiced stops | Tone split from breathy voice < voiced stops | ||
=== | ===''Schlaub Glaß''=== | ||
The | The Schlaub Glaß dialect is a non-standard dialect of Hlou. | ||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
a e i o u ä ë ö = /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ɔ̃/ | a e i o u ä ë ö = /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ɔ̃/ | ||
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====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ ''' | |+ '''Schlaub Glaß initials''' | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ||
! colspan="2" | Labial | ! colspan="2" | Labial | ||
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====Tone==== | ====Tone==== | ||
Tones are the same as in | Tones are the same as in Schlaub Bahn, except that the ''d'' and ''g'' tones are merged into ''g''. | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
===Traditional logography=== | ===Traditional logography=== | ||
===Abugida=== | |||
===Schngellstein's alphabet=== | ===Schngellstein's alphabet=== | ||
The key feature of Schngellstein's orthography (used in this article) is using final consonant letters for tones, making words easier to learn by using photographic memory. | The key feature of Schngellstein's orthography (used in this article) is using final consonant letters for tones, making words easier to learn by using photographic memory. | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Hlou is a member of the Bjeheondian sprachbund with Modern [[Windermere]], [[Gwnax]] and other languages, so these languages share many grammatical similarities. | |||
Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial: | Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial: | ||
:'''''Die Wug mpes Nän sein.''''' | :'''''Die Wug mpes Nän sein.''''' | ||
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:'''''Dahn mpfein so, ab dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.''''' | :'''''Dahn mpfein so, ab dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.''''' | ||
:1PL love 3SG.A | :1PL love 3SG.A thus 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG | ||
:''We love him so we are welcoming him.'' | :''We love him so we are welcoming him.'' | ||
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*''Naus dzah nab?'' = What is this? | *''Naus dzah nab?'' = What is this? | ||
*''Ndob naus dzah nab?'' = Who is this? | *''Ndob naus dzah nab?'' = Who is this? | ||
*''Zied be drab sein?'' (lit. you to where PROG) = Where are you going? | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
*be = to | |||
*bis = in, at | *bis = in, at | ||
* | *gan = without | ||
*gen = with | |||
*in = of | *in = of | ||
*je = from | *je = from | ||
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*weg = about | *weg = about | ||
*wi = away from | *wi = away from | ||
*schon = ago | *schon = ago | ||
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*los = inchoative | *los = inchoative | ||
*man = emphatic | *man = emphatic | ||
*wein = (literary) alas! | *wein = (literary) alas!, woe is... | ||
===Conjunctions=== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
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*ab = then, so, therefore | *ab = then, so, therefore | ||
*schluß = so that, in order to | *schluß = so that, in order to | ||
*dsäus = because (lit. reason) | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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:''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.'' | :''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.'' | ||
===Schm-reduplication=== | ==="Schm-reduplication"=== | ||
Hloh uses schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated. | Hloh uses a form of schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated. | ||
"Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL | "Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL | ||
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Hlou, like Chinese, has "4-character phrases". | Hlou, like Chinese, has "4-character phrases". | ||
*''Ntzuh Vöhn Schraus Ndob'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men aft gang agley' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man) | *''Ntzuh Vöhn Schraus Ndob'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men aft gang agley' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man) | ||
*''Ndleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. gold, gem, carmine, spice) | *''Ndleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. pure gold, gem, carmine, spice) | ||
==Poetry== | ==Poetry== | ||
[Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.] | [Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.] | ||
===Rhyme=== | |||
rime is the same + tone "harmony" | |||
===Virelai=== | ===Virelai=== | ||
The virelai (Hlou: ???) is a traditional Hlou poetic form. | The virelai (Hlou: ???) is a traditional Hlou poetic form. | ||
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''schieb Wug!'' | ''schieb Wug!'' | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
===Holorime=== | |||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||
===Tower of Babel=== | ===Tower of Babel=== | ||
:''Bis Ndreib nin ein Xab | :''Bis Ndreib nin dzeb ein Xab flog die Ntzog an die zu Wes meib hin.'' | ||
:LOC time that whole DEF world have INDEF language CONJ INDEF VN speak common PAST | |||
:LOC time that DEF world | |||
:Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. | :Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. | ||
:''Leid [bis Glied] zu Ndxub | :''Leid [bis Glied] zu Ndxub in ein Ndob Ndob be Schnähn zug raug die Schwiß bis Xi-Na an [nlub man] drein hin.'' | ||
:but [as] VN move GEN DEF human human PREP east 3PL find INDEF plain PREP Shinar CONJ [settle] there PAST | :but [as] VN move GEN DEF human human PREP east 3PL find INDEF plain PREP Shinar CONJ [settle] there PAST | ||
:As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. | :As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. | ||
:''An ein Ndob Ndob tlau be veß, "Ob bus Ngu an nlaß zug [schlög schlög] | :''An ein Ndob Ndob tlau be veß hin, "Ob bus aus dahn Ngu an nlaß zug [schlög schlög]."'' | ||
:CONJ DEF human human say PREP one_another PST, VOC make SUBJ 1SG brick CONJ fire_ceramic 3PL [throughly] | |||
:CONJ DEF human human say PREP one_another, VOC make brick CONJ fire_ceramic 3PL [throughly] | |||
:They said to each other, "Come, let's make bricks and bake them thoroughly." | :They said to each other, "Come, let's make bricks and bake them thoroughly." | ||
:''Zug [raug Mlob] Ngu [bis rohn] Pfaub an Schräh [bis rohn] [Kis Mbeh] hin.'' | :''Zug [raug Mlob] Ngu [bis rohn] Pfaub an Schräh [bis rohn] [Kis Mbeh] hin.'' | ||
:3PL use brick instead_of stone and tar instead_of mortar PAST | :3PL use brick instead_of stone and tar instead_of mortar PAST | ||
:They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. | :They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. | ||
:''An zug tlau, "Ob ntsaus die Mbih nun dahn an bis ja die Nkloh von Schmauß [raug man] Ntse | :''An zug tlau hin, "Ob ntsaus aus dahn die Mbih nun dahn an bis ja die Nkloh von Schmauß [raug man] Ntse.'' | ||
:and 3PL say PST, VOC build SUBJ 1SG INDEF city for 1PL and in it a tower REL top reach DEF sky | |||
:and 3PL say, VOC build INDEF city for 1PL and in it a tower REL top reach DEF sky | |||
:And they said: "Come, let's build a city for ourselves and a tower in it, whose top would reach the sky. | :And they said: "Come, let's build a city for ourselves and a tower in it, whose top would reach the sky. | ||
:''Rein dahn xau Ntrob nun dahn | :''Rein dahn xau Ntrob nun dahn bei. Schaub dzas es hab mpeib dahn [dsei dsei] bis dzeb ein Xab bei."'' | ||
:that_way 1SG grow name for 1SG | :that_way 1SG grow name for 1SG bei. or fall IMPERS cause scatter 1PL all_over whole LOC DEF world FUT. | ||
:That way we will make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over the whole world." | :That way we will make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over the whole world." | ||
:''Leid ein Schwed ba | :''Leid ein Schwed mpfau ba hin, schluß bleb ein Mbih an ein Nkloh von ein Ndob-Ndob ntsaus sein.'' | ||
:but DEF god come | :but DEF god descend come PST, PURP see DEF city and DEF tower REL DEF human human build PROG | ||
:But the {{sc|Lord}} came down to see the city and the tower the people were building. | :But the {{sc|Lord}} came down to see the city and the tower the people were building. | ||
:''Ein Schwed tlau, "Daß die Lad wes Ntzog meib tei dlä nin, ab dxah nan zug schlab txoh hau eh | :''Ein Schwed tlau hin, "Daß die Lad wes Ntzog meib tei dlä nin, ab dxah nan zug schlab txoh hau eh gan Tzuß bei.'' | ||
:DEF god say, if one people speak language common have start do this, then thing whatever they plan accomplish NEG without possibility FUT | :DEF god say PST, if one people speak language common have start do this, then thing whatever they plan accomplish NEG without possibility FUT | ||
:The {{sc|Lord}} said, "If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them. | :The {{sc|Lord}} said, "If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them. | ||
:''"Ob nros | :''"Ob mpfau nros aus dahn an hab schmeiß ndäu ein Ntzog zug, schluß zug drlin eh tug veß bei."'' | ||
:VOC go | :VOC descend go SBJ 1SG and cause confuse hit DEF language 3PL COHORT, in_order_that 3PL hear not understand each_other FUT | ||
:"Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other.” | :"Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other.” | ||
:''An ein Schwed mpeib zug je drein [dsei dsei] ein Xab | :''An ein Schwed mpeib zug je drein [dsei dsei] bis dzeb ein Xab hin, an zug vus ntsaus ein Mbih hin.'' | ||
:and DEF god scatter 3PL from there all_over DEF world | :and DEF god scatter 3PL from there all_over LOC whole DEF world PST, and 3PL stop build DEF city PST | ||
:So the {{sc|Lord}} scattered them from there over all the earth, and they stopped building the city. | :So the {{sc|Lord}} scattered them from there over all the earth, and they stopped building the city. | ||
:''An nun nein ja flog Ntrob Mba-Mbä — dsäus drein ein Schwed hab schmeiß ndäu ein Ntzog in ein Xab | :''An nun nein ja flog Ntrob Mba-Mbä — dsäus drein ein Schwed hab schmeiß ndäu ein Ntzog in dzeb ein Xab hin.'' | ||
:and for that 3SG.I have name Babel — reason DEF god cause confuse hit DEF language of DEF world | :and for that 3SG.I have name Babel — reason DEF god cause confuse hit DEF language of whole DEF world PST | ||
:That is why it was called Babel — because there the {{sc|Lord}} confused the language of the whole world. | :That is why it was called Babel — because there the {{sc|Lord}} confused the language of the whole world. | ||
:''Je drein ein Schwed hab mpeib zug [dsei dsei] ein Xab | :''Je drein ein Schwed hab mpeib zug [dsei dsei] bis dzeb ein Xab hin.'' | ||
:from there DEF god cause scatter 3PL all_over DEF world | :from there DEF god cause scatter 3PL all_over LOC whole DEF world PST | ||
:From there the {{sc|Lord}} scattered them over the face of the whole earth. | :From there the {{sc|Lord}} scattered them over the face of the whole earth. | ||
[[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]] | [[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||