Shum

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Shumian (native name ṣùm lhau) is a monosyllabic language inspired by Marathi, Hmoob and IlL's Reber Wiebian.

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Initials

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless stop p /p/ t /t̪/ /ʈ/ c /c/ k /k/
Aspirated stop ph /pʰ/ th /t̪ʰ/ ṭh /ʈʰ/ ch /cʰ/ kh /kʰ/
Voiced stop b /b/ d /d̪/ /ɖ/ j /ɟ/ g /ɡ/
Murmured stop bh /bʰ/ dh /d̪ʰ/ ḍʰ /ɖʰ/ jh /ɟʰ/ gh /ɡʰ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪/ /ɳ/ ñ /ɲ/
Murmured nasal mh /mʰ/ nh /n̪ʰ/ ṇh /ɳʰ/ ñh /ɲʰ/
Fricative s /s/ /ʂ/ ś /ç~ɕ/ h /h/
Approximant v /ʋ/ y /j/
Murmured approximant vh /ʋʰ/
Lateral l /l/ /ɺ̢/
Murmured lateral lh /lʰ/ ḷh /ɺ̢ʰ/
Laterally released nasal ṇḷ /ɳᶩ/
Murmured laterally released nasal ṇḷh /ɳᶩʰ/
Trill r /r/

Rimes

  • aʔ iʔ uʔ ahᵃ ihⁱ uhᵘ with mid (33) and low (22) tones (spelled a i u aḥ iḥ uḥ)
  • a: e: i: o: u: ai au am~ã: im~ĩ: um~ũ: with mid (33), low (21), rising (25), falling (41), dipping (313 with creaky voice on the 1), and high dipping tone (434) tones (spelled ā e ī o ū ai au aṁ iṁ uṁ)

Tones

Tone Mid Low Rising Falling Dipping High dipping
Spelling a à á â ä ǎ

Old Shumian

Old Shumian had a much simpler sound system, with fewer consonants and no tones. The phonotactics though were more complicated; Old Shumian words could begin with up to three consecutive consonants.

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Shumian is completely isolating and head-final.

  • ṇā̀ (I), mhäi (boat) ⇒ ṇā̀ mhäi (my boat)
  • rúm (eye), be (water) ⇒ rúm be (tears)

Pronouns

Shumian pronouns are based on rank, not person or gender. (ṇā̀ is used only in textbooks)

Remnants of Old Shumian morphology

Some nouns derive from Old Shumian patientives marked with the prefix s- (mercilessly stolen from Lushootseed):

ḍū̌ 'sing' (from *druku) -> ḍhū̌ (from *sdruku)

Numbers

Number Shumian
0
1
2 bhàḥ
3 vûṁ
4 pai
5 śaṁ
6 śū̂
7 nhai
8 rìṁ
9 lhiḥ
10
11 nā̌
12 ū
144 vī̈
1728 dhâu

Syntax

Word order is SVO; adjectives and relative clauses come before nouns; there are postpositions instead of prepositions; determiners and classifiers are placed before the noun; complementizers are head-initial.

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Lexicon

ṇḷhàḥ ← *sŋrasx 'fire'

Other resources