2,334
edits
South Carpathian: Difference between revisions
m
→Writing system
(Created page with "{{Infobox language |image=Corulki.png |imagesize= 250px |name= ''South Carpathian language'' |nativename=''Čorulki'' |pronunciation=/ˈt͡ʃo.rul.ki/ |- |creator=User:Raist...") |
m (→Writing system) |
||
| (4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
|familycolor=#80EE80 | |familycolor=#80EE80 | ||
|fam1=[[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] | |fam1=[[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] | ||
|fam2=[[Carpathian languages|Carpathian]] | |||
|ancestor=[[Proto-Oronaic]] | |ancestor=[[Proto-Oronaic]] | ||
|ancestor2=Proto-Alpathian (?) | |ancestor2=Proto-Alpathian (?) | ||
| Line 37: | Line 38: | ||
There are two dialects: Bistĕrca and Orodna-Lešu. The South Carpathian standard was based on the Bistĕrca dialect, but the distiction between them is small. The noticeable distinction is the /ʃ/ sound (written "š") in Orodna-Lešu replaced most of /s/, making the speech sound more hushing. A similar process happened in some Puohō dialects of East Carpathian. Also the weak grade of "nk" is zero both in the standard and Bistĕrca, but "g" in Orodna-Lešu, example: the plural form of ''pienkä'' "wind" is ''piejäg'' in Bistĕrca and ''piegäg'' in Orodna-Lešu. | There are two dialects: Bistĕrca and Orodna-Lešu. The South Carpathian standard was based on the Bistĕrca dialect, but the distiction between them is small. The noticeable distinction is the /ʃ/ sound (written "š") in Orodna-Lešu replaced most of /s/, making the speech sound more hushing. A similar process happened in some Puohō dialects of East Carpathian. Also the weak grade of "nk" is zero both in the standard and Bistĕrca, but "g" in Orodna-Lešu, example: the plural form of ''pienkä'' "wind" is ''piejäg'' in Bistĕrca and ''piegäg'' in Orodna-Lešu. | ||
==Writing system== | ==Writing system== | ||
Like other Carpathian languages, South carpathian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, plus the additions of ä, ö, ü, ă, ĕ, ĭ, š and č. The letters q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin | Like other Carpathian languages, South carpathian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, plus the additions of ä, ö, ü, ă, ĕ, ĭ, š and č. The letters q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin. Ö and ü are pronounced similarly to Hungarian or German, while ä is pronounced like "a" in English "cat". The letter ĭ represents a sound almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/. Sometimes "y" can be used instead for technical conveniences. Letters ĕ and ă represent reduced vowels [ɘ~ɜ] and [ə] respectively. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
| Line 77: | Line 79: | ||
*The mid vowels are phonetically mid [e̞, ø̞, o̞, ɤ̞]. | *The mid vowels are phonetically mid [e̞, ø̞, o̞, ɤ̞]. | ||
*The unrounded open vowel transcribed in IPA with /ɑ/ has been described as open central [ɑ̈]. | *The unrounded open vowel transcribed in IPA with /ɑ/ has been described as open central [ɑ̈]. | ||
South Carpathian has a rich system of diphthongs. There are | South Carpathian has a rich system of diphthongs. There are seven phonemic and eleven non-phonemic diphthongs (eighteen in total). | ||
{| | {| | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 89: | Line 91: | ||
! e | ! e | ||
! o | ! o | ||
! a | ! a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 96: | Line 97: | ||
| | | | ||
| ie | | ie | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 105: | Line 105: | ||
| | | | ||
| uo | | uo | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! e | ! e | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 117: | Line 115: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! o | ! o | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 129: | Line 126: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ä | ! ä | ||
| äi | | äi | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 143: | Line 138: | ||
| | | | ||
| ĭu | | ĭu | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 210: | Line 204: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Phonemic diphthongs contrast with plain vowels while inflecting nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs. Most scholars treat non-phonemic diphthongs as sequences of two vowels. | Phonemic diphthongs contrast with plain vowels while inflecting nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs. Most scholars treat non-phonemic diphthongs as sequences of two vowels. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Consonant clusters are not allowed word-intially in native words, and only two consonants are allowed together medially and finally, except for a very small ammount of words, like in tarstă "a big bag". However, this rule is omitted in recent loanwords, like elektronika "electronics". There is no palatalization in South Carpathian, however it was present during the Middle Ages and was lost approximately in the XVIIIth century. | Consonant clusters are not allowed word-intially in native words, and only two consonants are allowed together medially and finally, except for a very small ammount of words, like in tarstă "a big bag". However, this rule is omitted in recent loanwords, like elektronika "electronics". There is no palatalization in South Carpathian, however it was present during the Middle Ages and was lost approximately in the XVIIIth century. | ||
| Line 293: | Line 288: | ||
The distinction between short and geminated consonants was lost, but a distinction between voiceless and voiced consonants is preserved, unlike in other Carpathian languages (Puohō Carpathian has an allophonic distinction in plosives only, where [b], [d], [g] are weak grades of [p], [t], [k]). Thus consonant gradation became only qualitative in South Carpathian. | The distinction between short and geminated consonants was lost, but a distinction between voiceless and voiced consonants is preserved, unlike in other Carpathian languages (Puohō Carpathian has an allophonic distinction in plosives only, where [b], [d], [g] are weak grades of [p], [t], [k]). Thus consonant gradation became only qualitative in South Carpathian. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
''Main article:'' [[South Carpathian grammar]] | |||
Typologically, South Carpathian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). | Typologically, South Carpathian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). | ||
| Line 303: | Line 300: | ||
There are three types of adverbs in South Carpathian: type I contains adverbs that describe time (like ''nie'' "now", ''arĭ'' "finally", | There are three types of adverbs in South Carpathian: type I contains adverbs that describe time (like ''nie'' "now", ''arĭ'' "finally", | ||
''peke'' "always"), type II adverbs describe state ( ''positivis'' "positively", ''šeidis'' "fine") and type III adverbs describe manner of action (like ''rogošt'' "in this way", ''inešt'' "nicely"). Adverbs can belong to more than one type by adding a type marker: ''tě šeidis'' "it's fine", but ''tăkul šeidišt'' "I did it well". | ''peke'' "always"), type II adverbs describe state ( ''positivis'' "positively", ''šeidis'' "fine") and type III adverbs describe manner of action (like ''rogošt'' "in this way", ''inešt'' "nicely"). Adverbs can belong to more than one type by adding a type marker: ''tě šeidis'' "it's fine", but ''tăkul šeidišt'' "I did it well". | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Although South Carpathian is not Indo-European, one can identify many similar words between it and Romanian, for example. This is primarily because the South Carpathian language has borrowed nearly one fourth of its vocabulary from Romanian. The amount of loanwords from Hungarian is also big, but a bit less, than Romanian loanwords. The percentage of Slavic loanwords can be estimated at 15-20 percent, which is comparable to other Carpathian languages. | Although South Carpathian is not Indo-European, one can identify many similar words between it and Romanian, for example. This is primarily because the South Carpathian language has borrowed nearly one fourth of its vocabulary from Romanian. The amount of loanwords from Hungarian is also big, but a bit less, than Romanian loanwords. The percentage of Slavic loanwords can be estimated at 15-20 percent, which is comparable to other Carpathian languages. | ||
[[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | ||