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Swuntsim: Difference between revisions
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'''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''təSfətsiv'' /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language | '''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''təSfətsiv'' /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language. It is the traditional vernacular language of the Swuntsim diaspora in [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talma]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]]. It is unrelated to the Talmic and Lakovic languages that are spoken in Talma. | ||
It is inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh. | |||
Some typological characteristics: | Some typological characteristics: | ||
*It is an agglutinative SVO language with a complex verb system. | *It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system. | ||
*It is pro-drop. | *It is pro-drop. | ||
*Head-directionality is mixed. | *Head-directionality is mixed. | ||
*It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but | *It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization. | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
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*''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name? | *''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name? | ||
*''Cətjway...'' = My name is... | *''Cətjway...'' = My name is... | ||
*'' | *''Tidhavo!'' = See you! | ||
*''ξəp'' (7) = world | *''ξəp'' (7) = world | ||
*''ti- | *''ti-vayəξoe-σ'' = progressive | ||
*Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction) | *Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction) | ||
*assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ | *assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ | ||
*'' | *''i'ist'' = a name? | ||
Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs. | Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs. | ||
Prefix sandhi rules | Prefix sandhi rules | ||
ladhfadh tidha'üs dhacwitj atsavochwe abchidf | |||
==Swuntsim gib== | ==Swuntsim gib== | ||
Ti'ə dhi'ə atsiσtovif o ti'iσ tühacw zichvidh tjəσ. Go tüasσaσe o tüdhi sfavats. Dhiσəf tü'üchw. Tüσaσe. Go tσüfi'fi'. Go dhiσ tədhəfüchs ogwə'. Go tüσaσe ogwə'. | |||
Go | Go avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Go ti'e iσütσ vədha's ogwə' go əscupcup. Əscupcup. Fi gwədjəsədhəs gwədhəfü'ibəsjəs. Go dhay ti'ə tjotjosəs. | ||
Tüasσaσe | Tüasσaσe ti'ə yoyoavs 'o tüdhi' cif sfavats o ti'ə pədhhədhəv. Go ətəse. Go oe ti'iσ tσüsce ə ti'ə dhi'ə suaf, ti'ə di'ə tσfay'. tu'a go əsjavoicw ogwə' ə ti'iσ voəsuadhf i tə viatsəs süfifis ogwə'. | ||
Go oeəf ti sətjites | Go oeəf ti sətjites fə'o cwi sətəses. Go σü'ətσaf ogwə'. Σüvəvocwaf ogwə' fə'o ti'ə dhi'ə tjit σcütsidh ə ti'ə dhi'ə sə'eütsidh ə Fcov. A cwədhi' təsəsσaσes əgwə. Tu'a go, go ətσtfaf ogwə' ti'ə stavs ogwə' o ti'ə dhadhatü. | ||
Tu'a go tsüttəvəf 'ə təsi'ə' dhi'ə sσadhəy ti'ə vədha'əs əscupcup. Ütsüütsəf. "Dhəfuüs sif ti'ə dhvədha'. Go chu tsədhiσ cwi səschwacw. Go fi' gwəsəshayfs gwəchəσəσəs chətj ti'ə vədha's. Chuəf ogwə' ü'ətσ. Ucwitsf ogwə' tə stavs ogwə' savgwasəs ogwə'. | |||
Tu'a go hüyütsütəf ti'ə dhi'ə tsədhiσ vədha's ogwə' əscupcup. Cwədhadhəf ti'ə dhətjü' sitsəvs i ti'ə sca'sjədhs. Tu'a go tüzace. Dhiσ dhay sühüs ti süzaces. Go zəceəf fə'o ti'ə tactavats, ti stactavats stütoəf. Go titjiv ftactütsidh. Titjivəf. Go əschətσədh ti'ə sitsəvs. Go σoe ftactütsidh go zace ftact. Zəce ftact go σtje fə'o ti'ə 'əsgwigwoc. Go tichidh ti'ə sitsəvs üσəcw. Go atsəts o ti'iσ. Go σache. Go cov. | |||
ceəf | ceəf ti'ə yoyoavs. Tüsas'avgwas. Go fi'oüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəva'. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tu'a go atsəts. Fi'əf gwəso'uüs ogwə'. Chuəf ogwə' ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwə' o ti'iσ dhəfüfs. | ||
==Numbers== | ==Numbers== | ||
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Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with ''sjü'' '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ''ts-'' for animates. For example: | Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with ''sjü'' '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ''ts-'' for animates. For example: | ||
*''tsfisj'' 'two people' | *''tsfisj'' 'two people' | ||
*''a | *''a vo sdüch əσü'' '13 women' (Note singular form ''əσü'' is used for 'woman', not the plural ''tsəσü''.) | ||
*''fisj | *''fisj vo fisdüch viway'' '26 names' | ||
The numbers: | The numbers: | ||
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5 tu | 5 tu | ||
6 tjayəzj | 6 tjayəzj | ||
7 | 7 vutjo | ||
8 gwivə | 8 gwivə | ||
9 aay | 9 aay | ||
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11 səyeu | 11 səyeu | ||
12 sdüch | 12 sdüch | ||
13 sjüv | 13 sjüv vo sdüch | ||
14 fisj | 14 fisj vo sdüch | ||
24 fisdüch | 24 fisdüch | ||
36 iyəvdüch | 36 iyəvdüch | ||
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| '''cw''' kʷ | | '''cw''' kʷ | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | ''' ' ''' ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system | Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix. | The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix. | ||
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Original noun class prefixes: | Original noun class prefixes: | ||
# | #'ə-, pl. cə-/c- | ||
# | #u-, pl. də-/d- | ||
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- | #p-, pl. əpi-/əp- | ||
#s-, pl. dus- | #s-, pl. dus- | ||
#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- | #s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- | ||
#va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u- | #va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u- | ||
# | #c-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb- | ||
#sju-, pl. N- | #sju-, pl. N- | ||
#σi-/σ-, pl. wi- | #σi-/σ-, pl. wi- | ||
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Expected noun class affixes: | Expected noun class affixes: | ||
#ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits | #'ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits | ||
# | #ü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own | ||
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow | #p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow | ||
#s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things | #s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things | ||
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#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects | #s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects | ||
#va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices | #va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices | ||
#tj-/k-, pl. | #tj-/k-, pl. vi-/əp- = places, locations, slots | ||
#sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...) | #sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...) | ||
#σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice) | #σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice) | ||
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TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns | TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns | ||
*every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)' | *every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)' | ||
*many: '' | *many: ''tsəzap'' 'many people'; ''wəzap'' 'many things'; ''zap'' 'much (mass nouns)' | ||
*few: '' | *few: ''tsədhuu'' 'few people'; ''wədhuu'' 'few things'; ''dhuu'' 'few (mass nouns)' | ||
*other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things' | *other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things' | ||
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Swuntsim has a class of adjectives (different from verbs): | Swuntsim has a class of adjectives (different from verbs): | ||
*Predicative: ''pəwayts | *Predicative: ''pəwayts go cütsi'' 'the tree is firm' | ||
*Attributive: | *Attributive: | ||
**''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house' | **''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house' | ||
**'' | **''əsəye ə-cütsi'' 'firm spirit' | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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====Tense==== | ====Tense==== | ||
Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future. | Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future. | ||
*''cwə- | *''cwə-ts-dha'o'' 'I meet' | ||
*''chə-cwə- | *''chə-cwə-dha'o'' 'I do not meet' | ||
*''cwə-v- | *''cwə-v-dha'o'' 'I met' | ||
*''cwə-ya- | *''cwə-ya-dha'o'' 'I did not meet' | ||
*''cwə-da- | *''cwə-da-dha'o'' 'I have met' | ||
*''cwə-day- | *''cwə-day-dha'o'' 'I have not met' | ||
*'' | *''hodha'o'' 'you (sg) meet' | ||
etc. | etc. | ||
*''cwətje | *''cwətje tidha'o'' = I will meet | ||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
The imperative mood is formed as follows: | The imperative mood is formed as follows: | ||
*'' | *''dha'o!'' = meet! (sg) | ||
*'' | *'''''tsf'''dha'o!'' = meet! (pl) | ||
====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
Voices: | Voices: | ||
*active | *active: 0- | ||
*mediopassive: ''tσə-'' | *mediopassive: ''tσə-'' | ||
*applicative: '' | *applicative: ''gwiσ-'' | ||
*causative: ''u-'' | |||
Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason) | Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason) | ||
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===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
*''-əσ'' = | *''-əσ'' = adverbializer | ||
*reduplication = verbalizer | *reduplication = verbalizer | ||
*''sj-'' = transitivizer for verbs | |||
==Constructions== | ==Constructions== | ||
Modern Swuntsim is SVO and pro-drop. | Modern Swuntsim is SVO and pro-drop: | ||
*The copula is '' | :'''''Chə'əcwev təSfətsivəσ.''''' | ||
*The relativizer is ''i'' | :/χəˈʔəkʷev təsfəˈtsivəɬ/ | ||
* | :chə-ʔə-cwev təSfətsiv-əσ | ||
:NEG.PRES-3SG.AN-say Swuntsim-ADV | |||
:''He does not speak Swuntsim.'' | |||
*The copula is ''go'' (inflected for tense). | |||
*The relativizer is ''i'' (from an interrogative ''*yi'') | |||
*The complementizer is ''ti''. | |||
Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions. | Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions. | ||
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The constituent order is genitive-noun, noun-adjective, and noun-relative clause. | The constituent order is genitive-noun, noun-adjective, and noun-relative clause. | ||
AdjN: | |||
:'' | :''sjgwətjes zde'' | ||
: | :sj-gwətje-s s-de | ||
: | :SG.INAN-red-ATTR SG-flower | ||
:' | : 'red flower' | ||
NGen: | |||
:'' | :''tjway əd cwə'əmams'' | ||
: | :tj-way əd cwə-ʔəmam-s | ||
:SG- | :SG-name SG-of 1SG-mother-GEN | ||
: ' | :'my mother's name' | ||
NRel: | NRel: | ||
:''ətotj i | :'''''ətotj i agwiσcwəv'oəch tocadh va tfiwi'odh fi zdowe.''''' | ||
:ə-totj i a-gwiσ-cwə-v-ʔoəch tocadh | |||
:ə-totj i a-gwiσ-cwə-v-ʔoəch | :SG-man REL 3SG.CL1-APPL-1SG-PAST-appoint yesterday COP.PST beautiful and kind | ||
:SG-man REL 3SG.CL1-APPL-1SG-PAST-appoint yesterday | :''The man I went out with yesterday was handsome and nice.'' | ||
:' | |||
VComp: | |||
:'''''Cwəchsla' tə ti fəv'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh.''''' | |||
:cwə-ch-sla' tə ti fə-v-'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh | |||
:1SG-PRES-know ACC COMP 2SG-PAST-appoint SG-man yesterday | |||
:''I know that you went out with the man yesterday.'' | |||
Some adpositions must be used with thw genitive case. | |||
*''ef'' = in | *''ef'' (+ gen.) = in | ||
*''tə'' (+ nom.) = accusative | |||
==="Have" construction=== | ==="Have" construction=== | ||
Swuntsim has no verb for "have"; instead the word ''djec'' 'with' is used. | Swuntsim has no verb for "have"; instead the word ''djec'' 'with' is used. | ||
:''co djec | :''co djec go tjvits'' | ||
:1SG with COP SG-house | :1SG with COP SG-house | ||
:"I have a house" | :"I have a house" | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Swuntsim has many loanwords from Anbirese, Windermere, Eevo and other Talman languages. | |||
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Tsimulh languages]] | [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Tsimulh languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Agglutinative languages]] | |||