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'''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''təSfətsiv'' /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language | '''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''təSfətsiv'' /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language. It is the traditional vernacular language of the Swuntsim diaspora in [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talma]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]]. It is unrelated to the Talmic and Lakovic languages that are spoken in Talma. | ||
It is inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh. | |||
Some typological characteristics: | Some typological characteristics: | ||
*It is an agglutinative SVO language with a complex verb system. | *It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system. | ||
*It is pro-drop. | *It is pro-drop. | ||
*Head-directionality is mixed. | *Head-directionality is mixed. | ||
*It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but | *It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization. | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
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*''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name? | *''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name? | ||
*''Cətjway...'' = My name is... | *''Cətjway...'' = My name is... | ||
*'' | *''Tidhavo!'' = See you! | ||
*''ξəp'' (7) = world | *''ξəp'' (7) = world | ||
*''ti- | *''ti-vayəξoe-σ'' = progressive | ||
*Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction) | *Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction) | ||
*assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ | *assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ | ||
*'' | *''i'ist'' = a name? | ||
Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs. | Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs. | ||
Prefix sandhi rules | Prefix sandhi rules | ||
ladhfadh tidha'üs dhacwitj atsavochwe abchidf | |||
==Swuntsim gib== | ==Swuntsim gib== | ||
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ceəf ti'ə yoyoavs. Tüsas'avgwas. Go fi'oüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəva'. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tu'a go atsəts. Fi'əf gwəso'uüs ogwə'. Chuəf ogwə' ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwə' o ti'iσ dhəfüfs. | ceəf ti'ə yoyoavs. Tüsas'avgwas. Go fi'oüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəva'. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tu'a go atsəts. Fi'əf gwəso'uüs ogwə'. Chuəf ogwə' ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwə' o ti'iσ dhəfüfs. | ||
==Numbers== | ==Numbers== | ||
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Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with ''sjü'' '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ''ts-'' for animates. For example: | Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with ''sjü'' '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ''ts-'' for animates. For example: | ||
*''tsfisj'' 'two people' | *''tsfisj'' 'two people' | ||
*''a | *''a vo sdüch əσü'' '13 women' (Note singular form ''əσü'' is used for 'woman', not the plural ''tsəσü''.) | ||
*''fisj | *''fisj vo fisdüch viway'' '26 names' | ||
The numbers: | The numbers: | ||
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5 tu | 5 tu | ||
6 tjayəzj | 6 tjayəzj | ||
7 | 7 vutjo | ||
8 gwivə | 8 gwivə | ||
9 aay | 9 aay | ||
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11 səyeu | 11 səyeu | ||
12 sdüch | 12 sdüch | ||
13 sjüv | 13 sjüv vo sdüch | ||
14 fisj | 14 fisj vo sdüch | ||
24 fisdüch | 24 fisdüch | ||
36 iyəvdüch | 36 iyəvdüch | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system | Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix. | The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix. | ||
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Original noun class prefixes: | Original noun class prefixes: | ||
#'ə-, pl. cə-/c- | #'ə-, pl. cə-/c- | ||
# | #u-, pl. də-/d- | ||
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- | #p-, pl. əpi-/əp- | ||
#s-, pl. dus- | #s-, pl. dus- | ||
#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- | #s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- | ||
#va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u- | #va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u- | ||
# | #c-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb- | ||
#sju-, pl. N- | #sju-, pl. N- | ||
#σi-/σ-, pl. wi- | #σi-/σ-, pl. wi- | ||
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Expected noun class affixes: | Expected noun class affixes: | ||
#'ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits | #'ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits | ||
# | #ü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own | ||
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow | #p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow | ||
#s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things | #s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things | ||
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#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects | #s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects | ||
#va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices | #va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices | ||
#tj-/k-, pl. | #tj-/k-, pl. vi-/əp- = places, locations, slots | ||
#sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...) | #sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...) | ||
#σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice) | #σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice) | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
*'' | *''o'' = I | ||
*''fo'' = you (sg) | *''fo'' = you (sg) | ||
*''ot'' = we | *''ot'' = we | ||
*''tsü'' = you (pl) | *''tsü'' = you (pl) | ||
====Possessive pronouns==== | ====Possessive pronouns==== | ||
* | *1sg o- | ||
*2sg fo- | *2sg fo- | ||
*1pl gwə- | *1pl gwə- | ||
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TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns | TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns | ||
*every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)' | *every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)' | ||
*many: '' | *many: ''tsəzap'' 'many people'; ''wəzap'' 'many things'; ''zap'' 'much (mass nouns)' | ||
*few: '' | *few: ''tsədhuu'' 'few people'; ''wədhuu'' 'few things'; ''dhuu'' 'few (mass nouns)' | ||
*other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things' | *other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things' | ||
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Swuntsim has a class of adjectives (different from verbs): | Swuntsim has a class of adjectives (different from verbs): | ||
*Predicative: ''pəwayts | *Predicative: ''pəwayts go cütsi'' 'the tree is firm' | ||
*Attributive: | *Attributive: | ||
**''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house' | **''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house' | ||
**'' | **''əsəye ə-cütsi'' 'firm spirit' | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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====Tense==== | ====Tense==== | ||
Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future. | Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future. | ||
*''cwə-ts- | *''cwə-ts-dha'o'' 'I meet' | ||
*''chə-cwə- | *''chə-cwə-dha'o'' 'I do not meet' | ||
*''cwə-v- | *''cwə-v-dha'o'' 'I met' | ||
*''cwə-ya- | *''cwə-ya-dha'o'' 'I did not meet' | ||
*''cwə-da- | *''cwə-da-dha'o'' 'I have met' | ||
*''cwə-day- | *''cwə-day-dha'o'' 'I have not met' | ||
*'' | *''hodha'o'' 'you (sg) meet' | ||
etc. | etc. | ||
*''cwətje | *''cwətje tidha'o'' = I will meet | ||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
The imperative mood is formed as follows: | The imperative mood is formed as follows: | ||
*'' | *''dha'o!'' = meet! (sg) | ||
*'' | *'''''tsf'''dha'o!'' = meet! (pl) | ||
====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
Voices: | Voices: | ||
*active | *active: 0- | ||
*mediopassive: ''tσə-'' | *mediopassive: ''tσə-'' | ||
*applicative: ''gwiσ-'' | *applicative: ''gwiσ-'' | ||
*causative: '' | *causative: ''u-'' | ||
Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason) | Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason) | ||
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*''-əσ'' = adverbializer | *''-əσ'' = adverbializer | ||
*reduplication = verbalizer | *reduplication = verbalizer | ||
*''sj-'' = transitivizer for verbs | |||
==Constructions== | ==Constructions== | ||
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:''He does not speak Swuntsim.'' | :''He does not speak Swuntsim.'' | ||
*The copula is '' | *The copula is ''go'' (inflected for tense). | ||
*The relativizer is ''i'' | *The relativizer is ''i'' (from an interrogative ''*yi'') | ||
* | *The complementizer is ''ti''. | ||
Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions. | Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions. | ||
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The constituent order is genitive-noun, noun-adjective, and noun-relative clause. | The constituent order is genitive-noun, noun-adjective, and noun-relative clause. | ||
AdjN: | |||
:'' | :''sjgwətjes zde'' | ||
: | :sj-gwətje-s s-de | ||
: | :SG.INAN-red-ATTR SG-flower | ||
:' | : 'red flower' | ||
NGen: | |||
:'' | :''tjway əd cwə'əmams'' | ||
: | :tj-way əd cwə-ʔəmam-s | ||
:SG- | :SG-name SG-of 1SG-mother-GEN | ||
: ' | :'my mother's name' | ||
NRel: | NRel: | ||
:''ətotj i agwiσcwəv'oəch | :'''''ətotj i agwiσcwəv'oəch tocadh va tfiwi'odh fi zdowe.''''' | ||
:ə-totj i a-gwiσ-cwə-v-ʔoəch tocadh | |||
:ə-totj i a-gwiσ-cwə-v-ʔoəch | :SG-man REL 3SG.CL1-APPL-1SG-PAST-appoint yesterday COP.PST beautiful and kind | ||
:SG-man REL 3SG.CL1-APPL-1SG-PAST-appoint yesterday | :''The man I went out with yesterday was handsome and nice.'' | ||
:' | |||
VComp: | |||
:'''''Cwəchsla' tə ti fəv'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh.''''' | |||
:cwə-ch-sla' tə ti fə-v-'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh | |||
:1SG-PRES-know ACC COMP 2SG-PAST-appoint SG-man yesterday | |||
:''I know that you went out with the man yesterday.'' | |||
Some adpositions must be used with thw genitive case. | |||
*''ef'' = in | *''ef'' (+ gen.) = in | ||
*''tə'' (+ nom.) = accusative | |||
==="Have" construction=== | ==="Have" construction=== | ||
Swuntsim has no verb for "have"; instead the word ''djec'' 'with' is used. | Swuntsim has no verb for "have"; instead the word ''djec'' 'with' is used. | ||
:''co djec | :''co djec go tjvits'' | ||
:1SG with COP SG-house | :1SG with COP SG-house | ||
:"I have a house" | :"I have a house" | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Swuntsim has many loanwords from Anbirese, Windermere, Eevo and other Talman languages. | |||
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Tsimulh languages]] | [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Tsimulh languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Agglutinative languages]] |
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