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|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėx bė xþėb'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþ/eþ bė xþėb'' | ||
| '' | | ''hu bė xþėb'' | ||
| '' | | ''nan bė xþėb'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþøm bė xþėb'' | ||
| '' | | ''høm bė xþėb'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėx bė nwėm'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþ/eþ bė nwėm'' | ||
| '' | | ''hu/hi bė nwėm'' | ||
| '' | | ''nan bė nwėm'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþøm bė nwėm'' | ||
| '' | | ''høm bė nwėm'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
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===''fe'' 'to be'=== | ===''fe'' 'to be'=== | ||
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; | The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''fe'' 'to be' | |+ ''fe'' 'to be' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| ''nėx fiþ | | ''nėx fiþ fė'' | ||
| ''aþ fiþ | | ''aþ fiþ fė'' | ||
| ''hu fė | | ''hu fė fė'' | ||
| ''nan fu | | ''nan fu fė'' | ||
| ''aþøm fu | | ''aþøm fu fė'' | ||
| ''høm fu | | ''høm fu fė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present progressive | ! present progressive | ||
| ''nėx lu | | ''nėx lu fė'' | ||
| ''aþ/eþ lu | | ''aþ/eþ lu fė'' | ||
| ''hu/hi lu | | ''hu/hi lu fė'' | ||
| ''nan lu | | ''nan lu fė'' | ||
| ''aþøm lu | | ''aþøm lu fė'' | ||
| ''høm lu | | ''høm lu fė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''yfijan'' | | ''nėx yfijan'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþ yfijan'' | ||
| '' | | ''hu fijan'' | ||
| '' | | ''nan fijan'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþøm fijan'' | ||
| '' | | ''høm fijan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėx bė fėþ'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþ bė fėþ'' | ||
| '' | | ''hu bė fėþ'' | ||
| '' | | ''nan bė fėþ'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþøm bė fėþ'' | ||
| '' | | ''høm bė fėþ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''fė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėx fiþ wasar'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþ fiþ wasar'' | ||
| '' | | ''hu fė wasar'' | ||
| '' | | ''nan fu wasar'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþøm fu wasar'' | ||
| '' | | ''høm fu wasar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėx bė sėr'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþ bė sėr'' | ||
| '' | | ''hu bė sėr'' | ||
| '' | | ''nan bė sėr'' | ||
| '' | | ''aþøm bė sėr'' | ||
| '' | | ''høm bė sėr'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
=== | === The auxiliary ''bė'' === | ||
The defective auxiliary ''bė'' (inf. and w-form ''bė'', past/imperative ''bu''; related to Hebrew בא 'to come') is used to form dynamic passives. | The defective auxiliary ''bė'' (inf. and w-form ''bė'', past/imperative ''bu''; related to Hebrew בא 'to come') is used to form dynamic passives and the future. | ||
* ''Yn galt bė fyþuh'' = The door is opening (being opened) | * ''Yn galt bė fyþuh'' = The door is opening (being opened) | ||
* ''Yn galt bu fyþuh'' = The door (was) opened | * ''Yn galt bu fyþuh'' = The door (was) opened | ||
* ''Yn galt fyþuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened) | * ''Yn galt fyþuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened) | ||
* ''David bė fþėh yn galt'' = David will open the door | |||
===Faulty accusative marker=== | ===Faulty accusative marker=== | ||
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*"if" = ''em'' | *"if" = ''em'' | ||
*"then" = ''šøm'' | *"then" = ''šøm'' | ||
*"though" = ''ax'' | *"though" = ''ax'', ''xenax'' | ||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
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''Yn xabš w' yn frasi'' | ''Yn xabš w' yn frasi'' | ||
''Xabš ly žė lė fė šamry ly | ''Xabš ly žė lė fė šamry ly jar frasi: had gor myrxabt škul, had mol hemly xbur, wy had mol bennės by fiz. Yn xabš mar: "Mrur li yn leb, moran nėx wyrė bennės wyrxab frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, xabš! Mrur lanė yn leb moran nan wyrė žinė: bennės, ym bol, woši lid afau mylbast mum me šamry lyn xabš. Wy lėš lyn xabš šamry." Moran yn xabš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lid yn šde.'' | ||
Old Tog.: | Old Tog.: | ||
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''An xabše wan φarasīn'' | ''An xabše wan φarasīn'' | ||
''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn | ''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.'' | ||
Hebrew: | |||
{{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}} | |||
{{rtl|כבש שכבר לא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר מרכבה כבדה, אחד נשא משא גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים. אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש כבר אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}} | |||
===Lysėn þėgami, lysėn þlul=== | ===Lysėn þėgami, lysėn þlul=== | ||
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''Ym mgiluþ lym malx ȝal yn þrøn lau'' | ''Ym mgiluþ lym malx ȝal yn þrøn lau'' | ||
''Bė xliliþ gruf dax by gali bor.'' | ''Bė xliliþ gruf dax by gali bor.'' | ||
''Aþøm, žė | ''Aþøm, žė waþė mancabta hė,'' | ||
''Ȝabry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arþ.'' | ''Ȝabry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arþ.'' | ||
''Xøl lanė mødajan ȝal ym parkisi lanė;'' | ''Xøl lanė mødajan ȝal ym parkisi lanė;'' | ||
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<poem> | <poem> | ||
'''Weþyhmem lidax''' | '''Weþyhmem lidax''' | ||
Xenax | Xenax aþ bė mėþ in xlėþ, | ||
Nėx yrþybec nym mimuþ lax, | Nėx yrþybec nym mimuþ lax, | ||
Ym mimuþ žė azė'en yn hakranuþ, | Ym mimuþ žė azė'en yn hakranuþ, | ||
Yn ȝyli lyn wedȝy; | Yn ȝyli lyn wedȝy; | ||
Yn gant žė lax sþul in žinė rybuȝ admyþ | Yn gant žė lax sþul in žinė rybuȝ admyþ | ||
Wy | Wy žė aþ bė nyžėr lid dwari. | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
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===UDHR=== | ===UDHR=== | ||
''Xøl nės mewølad rur w' is in akšoprepja wy žyxawi. Høm møþyhanan | ''Xøl nės mewølad rur w' is in akšoprepja wy žyxawi. Høm møþyhanan by ložeki wy synidisi wy høbu parkus lid hawdud in ruh l'ahwuþ.'' | ||
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