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Togarmite/Old: Difference between revisions
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|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]] | |setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]] | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = θėgarmī́θ | ||
|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/ | |pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/ | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
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'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' ('' | '''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''θėgarmī́θ'' /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or ''an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ'' /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþik'') is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]]. | ||
==Todo== | |||
Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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*'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/ | *'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/ | ||
*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ | *'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ | ||
*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ | *'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ ħ h/ | ||
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/ | *'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/ | ||
*'''w l r y''' /w l r j/ | *'''w l r y''' /w l r j/ | ||
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Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew. | Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew. | ||
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they | Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'). | ||
==Inflection== | ==Inflection== | ||
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====Independent==== | ====Independent==== | ||
*1sg: ''ʔanė́χ'' | *1sg: ''ʔanė́χ'' | ||
*2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), '' | *2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθi'' (f) | ||
*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f) | *3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f) | ||
*1pl: ''náħnė'' | *1pl: ''náħnė'' | ||
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*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f) | *3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f) | ||
Object | Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant: | ||
* 1s perfect: ''žaχárθ'''u'''χa'' 'I remember you' | |||
* 3ms perfect: ''χabbḗr'''a'''nī'' 'he has made me great' | |||
* prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: ''yuχabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'he makes me great'; ''χabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'make me great!' | |||
====Inflected prepositions==== | ====Inflected prepositions==== | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..'' | :''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..'' | ||
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into | Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim: | ||
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem | #''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem | ||
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem | #''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem | ||
#''φėȝēl/φūȝāl'' - L-stem | |||
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem | #''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem | ||
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem | #''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem | ||
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Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses: | Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses: | ||
* | *perfect: like the English perfect | ||
*present: present, continuing or habitual action | *present: present, continuing or habitual action | ||
*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense | *future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''χaθū́b'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! verbal noun | ! verbal noun | ||
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Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state | Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state | ||
Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd ħt ȝd''. | Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd''. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
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| ''hastutȝámθin'' | | ''hastutȝámθin'' | ||
| ''hastutȝā́mū'' | | ''hastutȝā́mū'' | ||
| '' | | ''hastutȝámna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are | Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked. | ||
# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ | # m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ | ||
# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė | # m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė | ||
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# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše | # m. síθšaθ, f. síθše | ||
# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe | # m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe | ||
# m. | # m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni | ||
# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe | # m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe | ||
# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre | # m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===Schleicher=== | ===Schleicher=== | ||
''An | ''An χabše wan φarasīn'' | ||
''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle | ''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.'' | ||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | [[Category:Semitic languages]] | ||