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|name = Undernederlandsk
|name = Undernederlandsk
|nativename = Undernederlandsk
|nativename = Undernederlandsk
|pronunciation = [ˌunˀlˈni:ðlˀlæ:nsk]
|pronunciation = [ˌunˀlˈni:ðlˀlɛ:nsk]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
|states = The European Netherlands (Kingdom of the Netherlands); Lower Saxony, Northrhine-Westphalia, Berlin (Germany); Denmark (the Danish Realm).
|states = The European Netherlands (Kingdom of the Netherlands); Lower Saxony, Northrhine-Westphalia, Berlin (Germany); Denmark (the Danish Realm).
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==Classification==
==Classification==
Undernederlandsk is most often considered a North Germanic language, and thereunder listed as East Scandinavian. It thus belongs under the same classification as [[w:Danish language|Danish]], [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[w:Dalecarlian|Dalecarlian]] and [[w:Gutnish|Gutnish]]. The language has also been greatly influenced by [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:German language|German]] and, to a lesser extent, [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Examples of Dutch influence are, for instance, the words ''øy'' "onion", [œy̯] and ''òjevær'' "stork" ([ˈujˀʋæ:ˀ]) (''ui'' [œy̯] and ''ooievaar'' [ˈoi̯əfa:(r)] in Dutch); examples of German influence are, for instance, the words ''krænk'' "ill/sick", [kʀæŋk] and ''kreis'' "district", [kʀɛy̯s] (''krank'' [kʀɑŋk] and ''Kreis'' [kʀai̯s] in German; examples of Icelandic are the words ''eija'' "island", [ˈɛy̯j:ɐ] and ''ást'' "love", [ˈau̯sʈ] (''eyja'' [ˈɛi̯jɑ] and ''ást'' [au̯st] in Icelandic).
Undernederlandsk is most often considered a North Germanic language, and thereunder listed as East Scandinavian. It thus belongs under the same classification as [[w:Danish language|Danish]], [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[w:Dalecarlian|Dalecarlian]] and [[w:Gutnish|Gutnish]]. The language has also been greatly influenced by [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:German language|German]] and, to a lesser extent, [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Examples of Dutch influence are, for instance, the words ''øy'' "onion", [œy̯] and ''òjevær'' "stork" ([ˈujˀʋæ:ˀ]) (''ui'' [œy̯] and ''ooievaar'' [ˈoi̯əfa:(r)] in Dutch); examples of German influence are, for instance, the words ''krænk'' "ill/sick", [kʀæŋk] and ''kreis'' "district", [kʀɛy̯s] (''krank'' [kʀɑŋk] and ''Kreis'' [kʀai̯s] in German); examples of Icelandic are the words ''eija'' "island", [ˈɛy̯j:ɐ] and ''ást'' "love", [ˈau̯sʈ] (''eyja'' [ˈɛi̯jɑ] and ''ást'' [au̯st] in Icelandic).


Local dialects tend to lean more towards the local language variant. The five Dutch dialects tend to be more influenced towards Lower Saxon, whilst the Berlin dialect leans more towards High German. The Fyn dialect tends to lean a lot more towards Danish, however.
Local dialects tend to lean more towards the local language variant. The five Dutch dialects tend to be more influenced towards Lower Saxon, whilst the Berlin dialect leans more towards High German. The Fyn dialect tends to lean a lot more towards Danish, however.
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====Vowels====
====Vowels====
Strong vowels, ''stærkknyster'', are: /é/, /ò/, /y/, /å/, /æ/ and /ø/.
Strong vowels, ''stærkknyster'', are: /á/, /é/, /ò/, /y/, /å/, /æ/ and /ø/.


These letters are pronounced as follows:
These letters are pronounced as follows:


*/á/ is always pronounced as the diphthong [au̯]
*/é/ is always pronounced as mid-front unrounded vowel [e̞]
*/é/ is always pronounced as mid-front unrounded vowel [e̞]
*/ò/ is always pronounced as close back rounded vowel [u]
*/ò/ is always pronounced as close back rounded vowel [u]
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Nouns can be declensed in accordance with three different genders and two numbers. There also exists a case system featuring five grammatical cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and locative), but, with nouns at least, only the nominative and the genitive are still in use.
Nouns can be declensed in accordance with three different genders and two numbers. There also exists a case system featuring five grammatical cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and locative), but, with nouns at least, only the nominative and the genitive are still in use.


Nouns are declensed as follows:
The morpheme order for Undernederlandsk is:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white;"
|-
| Noun stem
| (Plural)
| (Definite article)
| (Genitive ''-s'')
|}
 
====Declensions====
Nouns can be declensed in accordance with two grammatical numbers: singular and plural. These are further declensed in accordance with the three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. There is also a specific set of declensions for words ending on vowels.
 
'''First declension''': ''ending consonant (masculine)''
{| cellpadding="4" style="padding: 0.5em;"
|- align="center"
| <!--COL SEPARATOR ENABLING TABLES BESIDE EACHOTHER-->
{|class=wikitable
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!| Indefinite
| ''fjæll''
(a) mountain
| ''fjæll'''er'''''
mountains
|-
!| Definite
| ''fjæll'''en'''''
the mountain
| ''fjæll'''erne'''''
the mountain
|}
|}
 
The '''first declension''' is reserved for masculine nouns ending with a consonant. This declension uses "-en" for definite singular nouns and "-er" for indefinite plural and "-ern'''e'''" for definite plural nouns.
 
'''Second declension''': ''ending consonant (feminine)''
{| cellpadding="4" style="padding: 0.5em;"
|- align="center"
| <!--COL SEPARATOR ENABLING TABLES BESIDE EACHOTHER-->
{|class=wikitable
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!| Indefinite
| ''kvind''
(a) woman
| ''kvind'''er'''''
women
|-
!| Definite
| ''kvind'''en'''''
the woman
| ''kvind'''erna'''''
the women
|}
|}
 
The '''second declension''' is reserved for feminine nouns ending with a consonant. This declension uses "-en" for definite singular nouns and "-er" for indefinite and "-ern'''a'''" for definite plural nouns.
 
'''Third declension''': ''ending consonant (neuter)''
{| cellpadding="4" style="padding: 0.5em;"
|- align="center"
| <!--COL SEPARATOR ENABLING TABLES BESIDE EACHOTHER-->
{|class=wikitable
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!| Indefinite
| ''land''
(a) land/country
| ''land'''er'''''
lands/countries
|-
!| Definite
| ''land'''et'''''
the land/country
| ''land'''erna'''''
the lands/countries
|}
|}
 
The '''third declension''' is reserved for neuter nouns ending with a consonant. This declension uses "-et" for definite singular nouns and "-er" for indefinite and "-ern'''a'''" for definite plural nouns.
 
'''Fourth declension''': ''ending vowel (all genders) (except the vowels "-å", "-o" and "-u")''
{| cellpadding="4" style="padding: 0.5em;"
|- align="center"
| <!--COL SEPARATOR ENABLING TABLES BESIDE EACHOTHER-->
{|class=wikitable
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!| Indefinite
| ''mose''<br>
(a) swamp<br>
''flaska''<br>
(a) bottle<br>
''sky''<br>
(a) sky
''
| ''mose'''r'''''
swamps<br>
''flaska'''r'''''<br>
bottles<br>
''sky'''r'''''<br>
skies
|-
!| Definite
| ''mose'''n'''''
the swamp<br>
''flaska'''n'''''<br>
the bottle<br>
''sky'''t'''''<br>
the sky
| ''mose'''rne'''''
the swamps<br>
''flaska'''rna'''''<br>
the bottles<br>
''sky'''rna'''''<br>
the skies
|}
|}
 
The '''fourth declension''' is reserved for nouns of all genders ending on vowels that are not "-å", "-o" or "-u". This declension uses "-n" for masculine and feminine and "-t" for neuter definite singular nouns, "-r" for all indefinite plural nouns, "-rne" for masculine definite plural nouns and "-rna" for feminine and neuter definite plural nouns.
 
'''Fifth declension''': ''ending vowel (all genders) (vowels "-å", "-o" and "-u")''
{| cellpadding="4" style="padding: 0.5em;"
|- align="center"
| <!--COL SEPARATOR ENABLING TABLES BESIDE EACHOTHER-->
{|class=wikitable
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!| Indefinite
| ''þrå''<br>
(a) rivulet<br>
''o''<br>
(an) ear<br>
''skru''<br>
(a) scratch
''
| ''þrå'''er'''''
rivulets<br>
''o'''er'''''<br>
ears<br>
''skru'''er'''''<br>
scratches
|-
!| Definite
| ''þrå'''n'''''
the rivulet<br>
''o'''n'''''<br>
the ear<br>
''skru'''t'''''<br>
the scratch
| ''þrå'''erne'''''
the rivulets<br>
''o'''erna'''''<br>
the ears<br>
''skru'''erna'''''<br>
the scratches
|}
|}
 
The '''fifth declension''' is reserved for nouns of all genders ending on the vowels "-å", "-o" and "-u". The fifth declension is actually a mix of all other declensions, following the fourth declension in the definite singular, but in plural forms following the first, second and third declensions.
 
====Examples====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Indefinite !! Definite !! Indefinite !! Definite
! Indefinite !! Definite !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
|-
! Masculine
! Word
| hund<br> og<br> tóð || hynd'''en'''<br> ög'''at'''<br> tóð'''að''' || hund'''er'''<br> ög'''ar'''<br> t'''ið''' || hynd'''erne'''<br> ög'''attar'''<br> t'''iðið'''||
| hund<br> og<br> tóð || hynd'''en'''<br> ög'''at'''<br> tóð'''að''' || hund'''er'''<br> ög'''ar'''<br> t'''ið''' || hynd'''erne'''<br> ög'''attar'''<br> t'''iðið'''||
"dog"<br> "eye"<br> "tooth"
"dog"<br> "eye"<br> "tooth"
|}
|}
====Genitive====
For the genitive, the suffix "-s" is added to the word. If, however, the word already ends on "-s", the suffix is instead rendered as "-sessa". Thus, e.g. "the child's" would be ''barnets'', but "a house's" would be ''hussessa''.
The genitive is the only real non-nominative case in usage in the official version of the Undernederlandsk language, but can be rendered differently in certain dialects, most specifically the [[Ænsksk]] and [[Berlinsk]] dialects.
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
The Undernederlandsk personal pronouns are as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | || rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1st person || rowspan=2 | 2nd person || colspan=3 | 3rd person
|-
! masculine || feminine || neuter
|-
! rowspan=3  | singular
! nom.
| jag || þu || han || hun || þætt
|-
! gen.
| minna || þinna || hans || henner || þætts
|-
! acc.
| mig || þig || colspan=2 | honom || það
|-
! rowspan=3 | plural
! nom.
| vi || þu || colspan=3 | þej
|-
! gen.
| óssa || þuar || colspan=3 | þejra
|-
! acc.
| óss || þua || colspan = 2 | þjejr || þætta
|-
|}
Personal pronouns distinguish between number and gender in both singular and plural cases.
These personal pronouns normally come, akin to in English, before the verb:
:'''jag kenne Anna'''—''I know Anna''.
However, it is also possible to place it behind the verb:
:'''Anna kenne jag'''—''Anna know I''.
====Reflexive====
Undernederlandsk uses the reflexive pronoun akin to German ''sich''. This is the only example where Undernederlandsk actively uses the dative case. The nominative case does not exist.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=100px
! case !! pronoun
|-
! acc.
| sig
|-
! dat.
| sir
|-
! gen.
| sin
|}
The dative case is used in opposition to being bathed ''by another'', for example:
:'''han þvätter sir og inte på sinna móðer'''—''he washes himself and not by his mother'' (meaning that his mother does not wash him),
whilst the accusative case is used in opposition to bathing ''another'', for example:"
:'''han þvätter sig og inte sinna móðer'''—''he washes himself and not his mother'' (meaning he does not wash his mother),
whilst the genitive case is used with certain verbs, like ''sig þvätta'', "to wash", in conjugations:
:'''han þvätter sin'''—''he washes himself''.
====Possessive====
Undernederlandsk possessive pronouns are as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! || case || colspan=3 | 1st person || colspan =3 | 2nd person || colspan=3 | 3rd person
|-
! rowspan=3  | singular
! nom.
| min || minna || mitt || þin || þinna || þitt || sin || sinna || sitt
|-
! gen.
| mins || minnes || mitts || þins || þinnes || þitts || sins || sinnes || sitts
|-
! acc.
| minn || minna || mitt || þinn || þinna || þitt || sinn || sinna || sitt
|-
! rowspan=3 | plural
! nom.
| mine || mina || mit || þine || þina || þit || sine || sina || sit
|-
! gen.
|colspan=3 | minnar || colspan=3 | þinnar || colspan=3 | sinnar
|-
! acc.
| colspan=3 | minne || colspan=3 | þinne || colspan=3 | sinne
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! || case || colspan=3 | 1st person || colspan =3 | 2nd person || colspan=3 | 3rd person
|-
! rowspan=3  | singular
! nom.
| óss || óssa || ótt || þuin || þuinna || þuitt || þen || þenna || þett
|-
! gen.
| óss || óssa || óttes || þuin || þuinna || þuittes || þen || þenna || þetts
|-
! acc.
| óss || óssa || ótt || þuin || þuinna || þuitt || þen || þenna || þvi
|-
! rowspan=3 | plural
! nom.
| ósse || óssa || ót || þuine || þuina || þuit || þejre || þejra || þit
|-
! gen.
|colspan=3 | óssar || colspan=3 | þuinnar || colspan=3 | þejrar
|-
! acc.
| colspan=3 | ósse || colspan=3 | óssa || colspan=3 | þejrre
|-
|}
where the three columns represent the masculine, feminine and neuter grammatical genders respectively. ''Min'' means "my", ''þin'' means "your" (singular), ''sin'' means "his", "her" or "its", ''óss'' means "our", ''þuin'' means "yours" (plural) and ''þen'' means "their".
====Demonstrative====
Undernederlandsk demonstrative pronouns are as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! || case || colspan=3 | "this" || colspan =3 | "that" || colspan=3 | "yonder" || colspan=3 | "the other"
|-
! rowspan=3  | singular
! nom.
| þis || þissa || þitt || colspan=2 | þæ || þæt || jön || jøn || jött || andre || colspan=2 | andra
|-
! gen.
| þisses || þissas || þitt || þæs || þæas || þætts || jönnes || jønnes || jött || andres || andras || andres
|-
! acc.
| þiss || þissa || þitt || colspan=2 | þæt || þett || jönn || jønna || jött || andre || colspan=2 | andra
|-
! rowspan=3 | plural
! nom.
| þise || þisa || þitta || þætte || þætta || þette || jöne || jøna || jötta || andre || colspan=2 | andra
|-
! gen.
| þiseres || þissar || þitter || þætteres || colspan=2 | þætter || jönneres || jønnar || jötter || colspan=3 | andreres
|-
! acc.
| þise || þisa || þitta || þæte || þæta || þæte || jönne || jønna || jötte || colspan=3 | andrere
|-
|}
It is worth mentioning that these declensions according to grammatical cases and genders was not originally intended, however it quickly spread throughout the base of speakers of Undernederlandsk and was the norm by 2000 in all dialects of the language.
===Adjectives===
Undernederlandsk adjectives are declined according to gender, number, and definiteness of the noun.
====Indefinite adjectival declension====
When an adjective describes an indefinite singular noun it ends on "-e" if the noun is masculine or neuter; however, it will always end on "-a" in the indefinite plural forms, regardless of gender.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!|
!|Singular
!|Plural
|-
|Masculine
|''stor'''e''' björn'', (a) large bear
|''stor'''a''' björner'', large bears
|-
|Feminine
|''stor'''a''' ulv'', (a) large wolf
|''stor'''a''' ulver'', large wolves
|-
|Neuter
|''stor'''e''' lódjur'', (a) large lynx
|''stor'''a''' lodjurer'', large lynxes
|}
====Definite adjectival declensions====
When an adjective describes a definite noun, it is declined more specifically. Adjectives defining definite masculine nouns end on "-e" for singular but "-er" for plural nouns; those defining definite feminine nouns end on "-a" for singular but "-ar" for plural nouns; finally, adjectives defining definite neuter nouns end on "-(i)t" for singular and "-a" for plural nouns.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!|
!|Singular
!|Plural
|-
|Masculine
|''stor'''e''' björnen'', the large bear
|''stor'''er''' björnerne'', the large bears
|-
|Feminine
|''stor'''a''' ulven'', the large wolf
|''stor'''ar''' ulverna'', the large wolves
|-
|Neuter
|''stor'''t''' lódjuret'', the large lynx
|''stor'''a''' lódjurerna'', the large lynxes
|}
====Exceptions====
In the case that the stem of the adjective ends with the sound that the normal declined form would prescribe to be used in that context, the sound is either completely omitted (e.g. "(an) empty glass" - "''le glass''" and "the empty glasses" - "''le'''r''' glasserne''") or (an) additional sound(s) are added (e.g. "the white lynx" - "''vit'''it''' ljóduret).
There are also four adjectives that have separate inherent declensions:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Noun class !!colspan="2"| Singular !!colspan="2"| Plural !! rowspan=2| Meaning
|-
! Indefinite !! Definite !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
! Masculine
| grå<br> höj'''e'''<br> döpp'''e'''<br> ond || grå'''n'''<br> höj'''n'''<br> döpp<br> '''ö'''nd || grå<br> höj'''ne'''<br> d'''y'''pp'''i'''<br> ond || grå'''r'''<br> höj'''re'''<br> d'''y'''pp'''er'''<br> '''ö'''nd||
"grey"<br> "high"<br> "deep"<br> "evil"
|-
! Feminine
| grå'''a'''<br> höj'''a'''<br> d'''ø'''pp<br> '''ò'''nd || grå'''na'''<br> höj'''na'''<br> döpp<br> '''ø'''nd || grå<br> höj<br> d'''y'''pp<br> '''ò'''nd || grå'''ra'''<br> höj'''ra'''<br> d'''y'''pp'''ar'''<br> '''ø'''nd || "grey"<br> "high"<br> "deep"<br> "evil"
|-
! Neuter
| grå'''t'''<br>höj'''t'''<br>döpp'''t'''<br>'''ö'''n'''t''' || grå'''et'''<br>höj'''t'''<br>döpp'''et'''<br>'''ö'''n'''t'''|| grå'''ta'''<br>höj'''ta'''<br>d'''y'''pp'''te'''<br>'''ø'''nd'''t''' || grå<br> höj'''a'''<br> d'''y'''pp<br>'''ø'''nd'''ta'''|| "grey"<br> "high"<br> "deep"<br> "evil"
|}
===Verbs===
Undernederlandsk verbs have four moods: indicative, imperative, conditional and subjunctive. As with most inflected languages, the verb governs the case of the subsequent nouns, pronouns and adjectives of a sentence. For example, the word ''giva'', "to give", governs the accusative case:
:'''Jag give honom presentet''' — ''I give him/her the present''
whilst ''sækka'', "to miss", governs the genitive case:
:'''Jag sække þinna''' — ''I miss you'' (literally: ''I miss of you'').
====Infinitive====
As a rule, all Undernederlandsk infinitives, in written form, end on "-a". This may or may not be the case depending on the dialect and the speaker's preferences, however, in written language it always ends on "-a".
====Indicative====
Verbs are conjugated in accordance with the grammatical number and pronoun. In general, with the few exceptions of the irregular verbs ''vesa'', ''hava'' and ''sea'', the the rule stands that for for the first person singular the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''e'''''; for the second person singular, the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''(a)d'''''; for third person singular and first and second person plural the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''(e)r'''''; finally, for the third person plural the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''(a)'''''. Letters between brackets indicate that these are dropped when the stem ends on a vowel, for example in ''ståa'', "to stand", and ''lya'', "to lie".
In the table below, the conjugations for regular verbs, the three irregular verbs, and regular verbs ending on a vowel are given:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural
|-
! Person
! width="100px"| jag
! width="100px"| þu
! width="100px"| han/hun/þætt
! width="100px"| vi
! width="100px"| þu (plural)
! width="100px"| þej
|-
! width="70px"| löppa<br>''to walk''
| löpp'''e''' || löpp'''ad''' || löpp'''er''' || löpp'''er''' || löpp'''er''' || löpp'''a'''
|-
! width="70px"| vesa<br>''to be''
| äre || ärad || ärer || ærer || ærer || æra
|-
! width="70px"| hava<br>''to have''
| här || härad || härer || hærer || hærer || hæra
|-
! width="70px"| sea<br>''to see''
| se || sad || ser || ser || ser || sa
|-
! width="70px"| ståa<br>''to stand''
| stå'''e''' || stå'''d''' || stå'''r''' || stå'''r''' || stå'''r''' || stå
|}
====Imperative====
Imperative verbs are normally formed by ''stem+'''t''''' combinations. Imperative verbs can only exist in present and future form, not in the past form. The future form is formed by ''vyrd'''t''' + infinitive''. An umlaut exists with certain vowels in the stems, namely: [o] -> [ø], [ɛ] -> [ɪ], [o̞] -> [y] and [o:] -> [œy̯].
{| cellpadding="4" style="padding: 0.5em;"
|- align="center"
| <!--COL SEPARATOR ENABLING TABLES BESIDE EACHOTHER-->
{|class=wikitable
|-
! Verb
! Present
! Future
|-
| '''löppa'''<br> '''''to walk'''''
| löpp'''t'''!
| vyrdt löppa!
|-
| '''vesa'''<br> '''''to be'''''
| vés!
| vyrdt vesa!
|-
| '''hava'''<br> '''''to have'''''
| hævt!
| vyrdt hava!
|-
| '''holla'''<br> '''''to hold'''''
| h'''ö'''ll'''t'''!
| vyrdt h'''ö'''lla!
|-
| '''nemna'''<br> '''''to take'''''
| n'''i'''mn'''t'''!
| vyrdt n'''i'''mna!
|-
| '''ståa'''<br> '''''to stand'''''
| st'''y'''!
| vyrdt st'''y'''a!
|-
| '''lófa'''<br> '''''to believe'''''
| l'''øy'''f'''t'''!
| vyrdt l'''øy'''fa!
|}
|}
====Conditional====
The conditional mood is formed by placing the subjunctive form of ''skylla'', "shall" in front of the infinitive. Thus,
:'''jag skylle sjynga''' — ''I will sing''
indicates that the subject will sing at some time in the future, whilst
:'''jag skyllo sjynga''' — ''I would sing''
indicates that the subject will only sing if some or more conditions are met. Compare for example:
:'''jag skylle med honom med gåa till sitt hus''' — ''I will go to his/her home''
versus
:'''jag skyllo med honom med gåa till sitt hus allenalig när hun ville mig þär''' — ''I would go with her to her home only if she wants me to''.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 432: Line 943:
[tʰl̩ˀ ˌmɪn:ˈau̯sʈ ˌkʊmˈtʰɪlˀbɒkɐ tʰɪlˀ mɪj].
[tʰl̩ˀ ˌmɪn:ˈau̯sʈ ˌkʊmˈtʰɪlˀbɒkɐ tʰɪlˀ mɪj].


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:North Germanic languages]]
[[Category:North Germanic languages]]
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