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|name= ''Ceuja''
|name= ''Ceuja''
|nativename=''Léban Goceuja, Ceuja''
|nativename=''Léban Ceuja''
|pronunciation=/ˈleβan goˈθeuxa, ˈθeuxa/
|pronunciation=/ˈleβan ˈθeuxa/
|-
|-
|creator=[[User:Ceige|Ceige]]
|creator=[[User:Ceige|Ceige]]
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|fam1=[[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic_languages |Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic_languages |Germanic]]
|fam3=Ceuxan
|ancestor=[[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor=[[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
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}}
}}


'''Ceuja''', or the '''Ceutch language''', (also known as ''Thutch''; '''Léban Goceuja''' and '''Ceuja''' in Ceuja itself) is a Germanic language best characterised as Proto-Germanic with Spanish sound changes (via relevant Western Romance and Iberian sound changes) applied.
'''Ceuja''', <!--or the '''Ceutch language''',-->(<!--also known as ''Thutch''; -->'''Léban Ceuja''' and '''Ceuja''' in Ceuja itself) is a Germanic language best characterised as Proto-Germanic with Spanish sound changes (via relevant Western Romance and Iberian sound changes) applied.


<br />
==Name==
==Name==
The name ''Ceuja'' comes from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz, and is thus cognate to ''Deutsch'', the endonym of the [[w:German_language | German language]]. It is often elongated to ''Goceuja'', related to the rare translation of ''Gothia'' in Gothic, [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰#Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰] (gutþiuda). The association of Ceuja with the Goths does not necessarily refer to actual historical Goths so much as the medieval label given to Germanic peoples in general.
The name ''Ceuja'' comes from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz, and is thus cognate to ''Deutsch'', the endonym of the [[w:German_language | German language]]. It is sometimes also called Goja, Godano, or Gozano, from PIE *gutiskaz, *gutô, and ''Gothia'', referencing the Goths. The association of Ceuja with the Goths does not necessarily refer to actual historical Goths so much as the medieval label given to Germanic peoples in general - compare to the terms "Teutonic" and "Dutch".


<br />
==Real world development==
==Real world development==
Around June 2013, a Germanic conlang with a naïve interpretation of French sound changes applied to it was sketched up and called ''Jaillais'' (located currently on [https://sites.google.com/site/lairezjaillais/ Google Sites]). Later on, resources on [[w:Phonological_history_of_French | the Phonological history of French]], [[w:History_of_the_Spanish_language | the History of the Spanish language]] and [[w:History_of_Romanian | the History of Romanian]] (amongst many others) were encountered, highlighting some of the deficiencies of Jaillais.
Around June 2013, a Germanic conlang with a naïve interpretation of French sound changes applied to it was sketched up and called ''Jaillais'' (located currently on [https://sites.google.com/site/lairezjaillais/ Google Sites]). Later on, resources on [[w:Phonological_history_of_French | the Phonological history of French]], [[w:History_of_the_Spanish_language | the History of the Spanish language]] and [[w:History_of_Romanian | the History of Romanian]] (amongst many others) were encountered, highlighting some of the deficiencies of Jaillais.
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In December 2019, 6 and a half years after Jaillais, an absurdist, untranslated text was left in a conlanging group on Facebook with the intent of it being deciphered; this text demonstrated an earlier stage of Ceuja.
In December 2019, 6 and a half years after Jaillais, an absurdist, untranslated text was left in a conlanging group on Facebook with the intent of it being deciphered; this text demonstrated an earlier stage of Ceuja.


The language was momentarily called Goceuja, but it turned out a cognate to this name was already in use by [[User:Shariifka]]'s [[Gothedish|Gothedish]].
<br />
==History of sound changes==
==History of sound changes==
===Proto-Ceuja===
===Proto-Ceuja===
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* in some dialects, the final unstressed vowel is dropped, e.g. etteura → etteul, etteuy
* in some dialects, the final unstressed vowel is dropped, e.g. etteura → etteul, etteuy


 
<br />
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The phonology of Ceuja is not unlike that of a somewhat artificial and sanitised form of European Spanish. For more context, see [[w:Spanish_phonology | Spanish phonology on Wikipedia]].
The phonology of Ceuja is not unlike that of a somewhat artificial and sanitised form of European Spanish. For more context, see [[w:Spanish_phonology | Spanish phonology on Wikipedia]].
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This trend against debuccalisation can be seen in the treatment of fricatives before plosives, with many modern Spanish dialects debuccalising these fricatives to a breathy sound, something not as common in Ceuja (but still acceptable).
This trend against debuccalisation can be seen in the treatment of fricatives before plosives, with many modern Spanish dialects debuccalising these fricatives to a breathy sound, something not as common in Ceuja (but still acceptable).


<br />
==Orthography==
==Orthography==
The main difference in orthography with Spanish is the use of ⟨y⟩ to represent tonic /i/. For example, ⟨týe⟩ instead of *⟨tíe⟩, but ⟨cieba⟩ instead of *⟨cyeba⟩.
The main difference in orthography with Spanish is the use of ⟨y⟩ to represent tonic /i/. For example, ⟨týe⟩ instead of *⟨tíe⟩, but ⟨cieba⟩ instead of *⟨cyeba⟩.


<br />
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
<!-- þahtaz -> cecha, "thought" +o -> cecho, "thinking" ~= gerundive, resulting in "I want to cecho" -->
<!-- þahtaz -> cecha, "thought" +o -> cecho, "thinking" ~= gerundive, resulting in "I want to cecho" -->
TBD, will require its own separate history section.
===Nouns===
====Number====
There are two kinds of traditional non-singular number:
* Plural, which uses -(e)s to mark the plural.
* Collective, which generally is marked with -on(e.g. *augô, *augōnō become oyo, oyon (eye, eyes)).
 
In addition, in the Late Modern language, when a plural noun is the actor and agrees with a verb in number, it can be substituted with the collective, with the collective suffix being stressed (e.g. -ón). This is a dissimilatory process, and is associated with educated speech. The repetitiveness of the final -s in the nominal and verbal plural forms is seen as a little bit repetitive.
 
The use of -ón as a general nominal plural is considered colloquial.
 
===Verbs===
====Infinitives====
There are two main variations of the infinitive, which also doubles as a gerund:
* the plain infinitive, ending in -(a)n
* the ameliorative infinitive, ending in -(a)no
 
These generally follow a tonic pattern of CV́Cană, where the non-tonic -ă was dropped (and, in the case of -ano, replaced with the feminine -o).
 
In addition, there are doublets of the infinitives caused by the CV́Căna tonic pattern, where the medial -ă- was dropped, resulting in CV́Cna, with the -Cn- cluster being resolved as elsewhere in the language (e.g., consonant vocalisation, assimilation, etc).
 
Illustrating all these variations is the verb "give":
* plain infinitive: geban /ˈxeβan/
* ameliorative infinitive: gebano /xeˈβano/, /ˈxeβano/
* tonic doublet: geuna /ˈxeuna/
 
 
====Finite declension====
Unlike other Germanic languages, Ceuja has generally regularised verbs, although doublets have been formed from different tense forms (even retaining their tense distinctions sometimes).
 
 
====Early Modern declension====
This is the traditional declension of Early Modern Ceuja, with variant forms in italics.
 
''geban'', "To give", has a fairly straight forward descent from Proto-Germanic *gebaną in the present tense. However, the past tense is a post-PGmc innovation.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=7| "to give"
|-
!rowspan=2| Infinite forms
! Infinitive I
| geban || *gebaną̆
! Present participle
| gebando || *gebandz
|-
! Infinitive II
| geuna ||  *gebăną
! Past Participle
| gebá || *geba-daz
|-
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural
|-
!
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
|-
! 1st
| gebo || *gebō || gebos || *gebōz || gebas, ''geumas'' || *gebamăz
|-
! 2nd
| gebes || *gibizi || gebaces, ''gebaz'' || *gebadiz || gebe, ''gebed ~ gebez'' || *gibidi
|-
! 3rd
| gebez, ''gebe'' || *gibidi || - || - || geban, ''gebande, gebaz'' || *gebandi
|}
 
In the case of ''ejan'', "to have", we see some levelling and analogisation of *habjaną take place early on. It also uses an innovated past tense that differs to that from PGmc.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=7| "to have"
|-
!rowspan=2| Infinite forms
! Infinitive I
| ejan || *habjaną̆
! Present participle
| ejando || *habjandz
|-
! Infinitive II
| yena ||  *habjăną
! Past Participle
| ejá || *habja-daz
|-
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural
|-
!
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
|-
! 1st
| ejo || *habjō
| ejos || *habjōs
| ejas, ''yemas'' || *habjamaz
|-
! 2nd
| ejes || *habaisi
| ejaces, ''ejaz''  || *habjaþiz
| eje, ''ejed ~ ejez'' || *habaiþ
|-
! 3rd
| ejez, ''eje'' || *habaiþi
| - || -
| eje, ''ejande, ejaz'' || *habjanþi
|}
 
And in the case of ''aban'', "to miss" in the sense of "to be missing something", we can see a doublet formed from the original PGmc past tense of *habjaną
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=7|  "to miss"
|-
!rowspan=2| Infinite forms
! Infinitive I
| aban || *habd-aną
! Present participle
| abando || *habd-andz
|-
! Infinitive II
| auna || *habd-aną
! Past Participle
| abá || *habd-adaz
|-
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural
|-
!
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
|-
! 1st
| abo || * habd-ō
| abos || *habd-ōs
| abas, ''aumas'' || *habd-amaz
|-
! 2nd
| abes || *habdēz
| abaces, ''abaz''  || * habd-aþiz
| abe, ''abed ~ abez'' || *habd-aiþ
|-
! 3rd
| abez, ''abe'' || *habdē
| - || -
| aban, ''abande, abaz'' || *habd-anþi
|}
 
 
====Late Modern declension====
The Late Modern language has drastically restructured the verbal system, levelling both persons and numbers into a more regular system, and reinnovating the participles.
 
In addition, tense has become more marked with the use of ''duén'' "to do" prefixed before the verb (de- for the past, from fossilised doublet ''dién'' "to have done, to have experience doing", and do- optionally for the imperative).
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=3| "to give"
|-
!rowspan=2| Infinitives
! Infinitive I
| geban
|-
! Infinitive II
| geuna
|-
!rowspan=2| Participles
! Present-active
| geunén (gebanén)
|-
! Past-passive
| de-geuná (de-gebaná, -én)
|-
! Present !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| gebo || gebos
|-
! 2nd, 3rd
| gebez || gebaces
|-
! 1st inclu.
| - || gebas (geumas)
|-
! 4th
| gebe || -
|-
! Past !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| de-gebo || de-gebos
|-
! 2nd, 3rd
| de-gebez || de-gebaces
|-
! 1st inclu.
| - || de-gebas (de-geumas)
|-
! 4th
| de-gebe || -
|-
!rowspan=2| Imperative !! Exclusive !! Inclusive
|-
| (do-)gebe || (do-)geumas (geumás)
|}
 
 
The future tense is marked with the fully inflected auxiliary verb ''escolan ~ escoran'', although it too is being transformed into a non-inflecting future prefix ''co(r)- ~ jo(r)-'', with the markedly colloquial form ''cho(r)-''.
 
For example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Translation  !! Formal !! Colloquial !! Informal
|-
| You(.PL) will give me it || Esbe escolaces mes za geban || Esbe mes za co-gebaces ||  Ombe me'zza chor-gebaces
|-
| We will have it ||  Os escolos za ejan || Os mes za co-ejos || On za chor-ejos
|-
<!--| I will drag it || Y escolo za dreyan || Y za cho'-dreyo, y za co-dreyo (?)
|- -->
| I will drag it there || Y escolo za tuyan a zal || Y za co-tuyo zalén || Y za cho(r)-tuyo zalén <!-- zuyo, teuyo - teuhaną -->
|}
 
<br />


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
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* hor /oɾ/ = for (dial. hur)
* hor /oɾ/ = for (dial. hur)
* hulla /ˈuʒa/ = full
* hulla /ˈuʒa/ = full
* jola /ˈxola/ = yule
* jola /ˈxola/ = yule (dial. jeula ~ yebra)
* laa (la) /'la(.a)/ = radiant, happy, glad (var. laya) <!-- blithe, strålende, lucky, gæfa, etc -->
* laña /ˈlaɲa/ = long (dial. leña)
* laña /ˈlaɲa/ = long (dial. leña)
* liebo /ˈljeβo/ = lion (lebýno /leˈβino/ = lioness)
* liebo /ˈljeβo/ = lion (lebýno /leˈβino/ = lioness)
* lice /'liθe/ = blithe, serene, cheerful, peaceful
* luema /ˈlwema/ = flower
* luema /ˈlwema/ = flower
* mano /ˈmano/ = mane
* mano /ˈmano/ = mane
Ceige
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