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User:Ceige/Ceuja: Difference between revisions
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====Reanalysis of inflectional endings==== | ====Reanalysis of inflectional endings==== | ||
The main results of this process include: | The main results of this process include: | ||
* [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bainą | *-ą]] neuter nouns collapsing into [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/weraz | *-az]] masculine nouns | * [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bainą | *-ą]] neuter nouns collapsing into [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/weraz | *-az]] masculine nouns, | ||
* merger of the accusative and nominative cases, leading to singular *-a and plural *-az for a-stem nouns (from *-az/-ą, and *-ōz/-anz), and singular *-i and plural -iz for i-stem nouns (from *-iz/-į, and *-īz/-inz) | * merger of the accusative and nominative cases, leading to singular *-a and plural *-az for a-stem nouns (from *-az/-ą, and *-ōz/-anz), and singular *-i and plural -iz for i-stem nouns (from *-iz/-į, and *-īz/-inz), | ||
* haphazard expansion of an-stem nominative *-ô (e.g. [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sahsô | sahsô]]) into *-an- as per the above merger of the accusative and nominative, but in such a way that doublets are created, e.g. *sahsanu and *sahsō (Ceuja sajano, sajo) | * haphazard expansion of an-stem nominative *-ô (e.g. [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sahsô | sahsô]]) into *-an- as per the above merger of the accusative and nominative, but in such a way that doublets are created, e.g. *sahsanu and *sahsō (Ceuja sajano, sajo). | ||
<br /> | |||
===Old Ceuja=== | ===Old Ceuja=== | ||
<!-- More analytical orthography --> | <!-- More analytical orthography --> | ||
Old Ceuja is characterised by: | Old Ceuja is characterised by: | ||
* an initial wave of palatalisation for velars and dentals caused by front vowels and /j/ | * an initial wave of palatalisation for velars and dentals caused by front vowels and /j/, | ||
* a reduction of consonant clusters involving plosives, resulting in a second wave of palatalisation | * a reduction of consonant clusters involving plosives, resulting in a second wave of palatalisation, | ||
* Romance vowel metaphony (cf Germanic umlaut) caused by the second wave of palatalisation | * Romance vowel metaphony (cf Germanic umlaut) caused by the second wave of palatalisation, | ||
* lenition of some intervocalic plosives | * lenition of some intervocalic plosives. | ||
====Palatalisation of velars and dentals==== | ====Palatalisation of velars and dentals==== | ||
Palatalisation of velars occurred when velars came before front vowels, producing * | Palatalisation of velars occurred when velars came before front vowels, producing *ts (c) and *dj (j), and palatalisation of /t/ occurred when it was found before *-jV-, as in Vulgar Latin, producing *ts as well. | ||
In addition, PGmc *þ merged into * | In addition, PGmc *þ merged into *ts (via laminalisation). | ||
Examples: | |||
* [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skēpą | *skēpą]] → *estsɛ́pa, *tsɛ́pa (Mod. cieba /ˈθjeβa/) | |||
* [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gebaną | *gebaną]] → *djebana (Mod. geban /ˈxeβan/) | |||
* ''but'' [[wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kāsijaz | *kāsijaz]] → *kasja (Mod. queja /ˈkexa/) | |||
====Consonant cluster reduction==== | ====Consonant cluster reduction==== | ||
Clusters with plosives, when reduced into a single consonant, tend to preserve the final consonant over the initial one. | |||
Medial clusters were reduced as follows: <!-- ⟨⟩ --> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Old Cluster !! Early Medial step !! Late Medial step !! Final stage | |||
|- | |||
| kt, lt || jt || tj || t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩, triggering metaphony | |||
|- | |||
| ll || jl || lj || lj ⟨ll⟩, triggering metaphony | |||
|- | |||
| nn ||colspan=2| nj || nj ⟨ñ⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| ks || sk ~ js || sk ~ sj || ʃ ⟨x⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| pt ||colspan=2| wtt || wtt ⟨ut⟩ (a later change) | |||
|} | |||
Initial clusters were reduced as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Old Cluster !! Early Medial step !! Late Medial step !! Final stage | |||
|- | |||
| pl, kl ||colspan=2| Clj || lj ⟨ll⟩, dialectally t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| bl, gl ||colspan=2| l: || l || l ⟨l⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| sts ||colspan=2| ts || ts ⟨c, z⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| ks || sk ~ js || sk ~ sj || ʃ ⟨x⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| pt ||colspan=2| wtt || wtt ⟨ut⟩ (a later change) | |||
|} | |||
====Metaphony==== | |||
Accompanying the palataisation was a sound change that raised vowels occuring before a palatalised consonant, particularly *ts and *dj from prior *tj and *dj, and the second wave of palatalisation where velars and laterals were turned into palatalising glides. Note that the palatalisation of /nn/ does not trigger metaphony except for some dialectal variation. | |||
This was fairly linear, as demonstrated below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Normal vowel !! With palatal metaphony !! Example | |||
|- | |||
| o !! u !! *folla → *fojla → *fulja (Mod. hulla) <!-- mullir#Spanish --> | |||
|- | |||
| ɔ || o, u || | |||
|- | |||
| e || i || *lexta → *lejta → *litja (Mod. licha) | |||
|- | |||
| ɛ || e, i || | |||
|- | |||
| a || e || *kasja → *kesja (Mod. queja), *tsaxta → *tsajta → *tsetja (Mod. cecha) | |||
|} | |||
Metaphony could also occur when intervocalic */g/ was reduced to /j/ (cf. [[wiktionary:leer#Spanish | leer in Spanish]]) | |||
<br /> | |||
===Middle Ceuja=== | ===Middle Ceuja=== | ||
<!-- ks == j, ll == j --> | <!-- x(ks) == j, --> | ||
===Early Modern Ceuja=== | |||
<!-- ll == j --> | |||
===Modern Ceuja=== | ===Late Modern Ceuja=== | ||
<!-- j -> h --> | <!-- and then j -> h --> | ||
===Insular Ceuja=== | ===Insular Ceuja=== | ||