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User:Ceige/Ceuja: Difference between revisions
Finished insular ceuja
(All major sound changes up until Insular are covered) |
(Finished insular ceuja) |
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Old Ceuja is characterised by: | Old Ceuja is characterised by: | ||
* an initial wave of palatalisation for velars and dentals caused by front vowels and /j/, | * an initial wave of palatalisation for velars and dentals caused by front vowels and /j/, | ||
* simplification of nasal clusters | |||
* lenition of some intervocalic plosives, | * lenition of some intervocalic plosives, | ||
* a reduction of consonant clusters involving plosives, resulting in a second wave of palatalisation, | * a reduction of consonant clusters involving plosives, resulting in a second wave of palatalisation, | ||
* Romance vowel metaphony (cf Germanic umlaut) caused by the second wave of palatalisation. | * Romance vowel metaphony (cf Germanic umlaut) caused by the second wave of palatalisation. | ||
In addition, an epenthetic vowel /e/ was inserted at the beginning of words starting with /sC/ clusters. | |||
====Palatalisation of velars and dentals==== | ====Palatalisation of velars and dentals==== | ||
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* [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gebaną | *gebaną]] → *djebana (Mod. geban /ˈxeβan/) | * [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gebaną | *gebaną]] → *djebana (Mod. geban /ˈxeβan/) | ||
* ''but'' [[wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kāsijaz | *kāsijaz]] → *kasja (Mod. queja /ˈkexa/) | * ''but'' [[wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kāsijaz | *kāsijaz]] → *kasja (Mod. queja /ˈkexa/) | ||
====Simplification of nasal clusters==== | |||
Nasal clusters were simplified in a number of ways: | |||
* -mn- and -gn- were simplified into /n/ | |||
* -VmV̆nV- became /mbr/ | |||
* -ng- became /nn/ (this is one sound change where Ceuja differs significantly from Spanish) | |||
====Lenition==== | ====Lenition==== | ||
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<!-- x(ks) == j, --><!-- ⟨⟩ ɛ ɔ →--> | <!-- x(ks) == j, --><!-- ⟨⟩ ɛ ɔ →--> | ||
Middle Ceuja's major sound changes include: | Middle Ceuja's major sound changes include: | ||
* the diphthongisation of stressed open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ into /ie/ and /ue/ (⟨ie⟩ and ⟨ue⟩), | * the diphthongisation of stressed open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ into /ie/ and /ue/ (⟨ie⟩ and ⟨ue⟩; /ie/ was levelled to /e/ before existing /j/), | ||
* the reanalysis of /je/ as being /ie/ from /ɛ/, leading to /je/ → /e/ in unstressed syllables, | * the reanalysis of /je/ as being /ie/ from /ɛ/, leading to /je/ → /e/ in unstressed syllables, | ||
* the establishment of a 5 vowel system, | * the establishment of a 5 vowel system, | ||
* the merger of /dj/ and /j/ and fortition of the resulting consonant into a voiced fricative ⟨j⟩ /ʒ/ (⟨g⟩ before front vowels), | * the merger of /dj/ and /j/ and fortition of the resulting consonant into a voiced fricative ⟨j⟩ /ʒ/ (⟨g⟩ before front vowels), | ||
* the continued lenition of the plosives, turning the voiced plosives into fricatives (still spelt the same) and the geminated plosives into single ones (e.g. ⟨tt⟩ → ⟨t⟩), | * the continued lenition of the plosives, turning the voiced plosives into fricatives (still spelt the same) and the geminated plosives into single ones (e.g. ⟨tt⟩ → ⟨t⟩), | ||
* the merger of /b/ and /w/ (spelt ⟨b⟩ between vowels, and ⟨u⟩ when forming diphthongs) | * the merger of /b/ and /w/ (spelt ⟨b⟩ between vowels, and ⟨u⟩ when forming diphthongs), | ||
* a gradual merger of /f/ and /h/ | * a gradual merger of /f/ and /h/, | ||
* a gradual loss of /h/ | * a gradual loss of /h/. | ||
For some speakers, /f/ was lost immediately in some words, while for others it persisted as /h/, and for others nothing was lost. | For some speakers, /f/ was lost immediately in some words, while for others it persisted as /h/, and for others nothing was lost. | ||
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===Early Modern Ceuja=== | ===Early Modern Ceuja=== | ||
Early Modern Ceuja's major sound changes include: | Early Modern Ceuja's major sound changes include: | ||
* shifting /ts/ to /θ/ | * shifting /ts/ to /θ/, | ||
* a merger of glided /i/ in falling dipthongs with /j/, thus initial ⟨ie⟩ becomes ⟨ye⟩ | * a merger of glided /i/ in falling dipthongs with /j/, thus initial ⟨ie⟩ becomes ⟨ye⟩, | ||
* a gradual merger of ⟨x⟩ and ⟨j⟩ (to /ʃ/) | * a gradual merger of ⟨x⟩ and ⟨j⟩ (to /ʃ/), | ||
* a gradual merger of ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨y⟩ (to /j/) | * a gradual merger of ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨y⟩ (to /j/), | ||
* a complete loss of /h/, but speakers still using /f/ did not lose it. | * a complete loss of /h/, but speakers still using /f/ did not lose it, | ||
* a gradual loss of unstressed final /a/ after unstressed -an-, e.g. -ana → -an (this is one sound change where Ceuja differs significantly from Spanish, and is related to the realities of Germanic stress patterns; in some cases, however, the Spanish tradition survives, creating doublets, e.g. *gebaną → geban, geuna). | |||
<!-- ll == j --><!-- ⟨⟩ --> | <!-- ll == j --><!-- ⟨⟩ --> | ||
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Late Modern Ceuja makes few additional sound changes to Early Modern Ceuja, but dramatically changes the language by shifting ⟨x ~ j⟩ and ⟨y ~ ll⟩. | Late Modern Ceuja makes few additional sound changes to Early Modern Ceuja, but dramatically changes the language by shifting ⟨x ~ j⟩ and ⟨y ~ ll⟩. | ||
<!-- and then j -> h --><!-- ⟨⟩ --> | <!-- and then j -> h --><!-- ⟨⟩ --> | ||
* debuccalisation of ⟨x ~ j⟩ to /x/ | * debuccalisation of ⟨x ~ j⟩ to /x/, | ||
* fortition of ⟨y ~ ll⟩ to a voiced fricative /ʒ/ | * fortition of ⟨y ~ ll⟩ to a voiced fricative /ʒ/, | ||
* voicing of /s/ before voiced consonants. | |||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
===Insular Ceuja=== | ===Insular Ceuja=== | ||
Some Insular Ceuja dialects have some occasionally dramatic extra innovations on top of standard Modern Ceuja: | |||
<!-- Carribean style changes --><!-- ⟨⟩ --> | <!-- Carribean style changes --><!-- ⟨⟩ --> | ||
* epenthetic a- appears before initial ⟨r⟩, e.g. *regną → rena → arena (rain) | |||
* an epenthetic vowel comes before a consonant and ⟨r⟩ or ⟨l⟩, identical to the vowel after ⟨r⟩ or ⟨l⟩ | |||
* merger of ⟨r⟩ and ⟨l⟩, with ⟨l⟩ appearing at the start of phrases, and ⟨r⟩ between vowels, | |||
* /ai/ and /au/ become /ɛ: ~ ɛi/ and /ɔ: ~ ɔu/, (depending on dialect), e.g. *samftijaz → sauza → souza | |||
* syllable final /r/ becomes /j/ or /h/ (depending on dialect) | |||
* syllable final /s/ becomes /h/, e.g. *stōraz → estuera → ejtuera | |||
* clusters starting with /h/ become geminated, e.g. ejtuera → ettuera | |||
* voicing distinctions between initial plosives are lost | |||
* in some dialects, /ue/ and /eu/ become /ø:/, e.g. ettuera → etteura | |||
* in others, /ue/ changes the preceding consonant to a velar, e.g. ettuera → eccuera | |||
* in some dialects, the final unstressed vowel is dropped, e.g. etteura → etteul, etteuy | |||