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User:Ceige/Ceuja: Difference between revisions
→Grammar: late modern declension
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
There are two kinds of non-singular number: | There are two kinds of traditional non-singular number: | ||
* Plural, which uses -(e)s to mark the plural. | * Plural, which uses -(e)s to mark the plural. | ||
* Collective, which generally is marked with -on (e.g. *augô, *augōnō become oyo, oyon (eye, eyes)). | * Collective, which generally is marked with -on(e.g. *augô, *augōnō become oyo, oyon (eye, eyes)). | ||
In addition, in the Late Modern language, when a plural noun is the actor and agrees with a verb in number, it can be substituted with the collective, with the collective suffix being stressed (e.g. -ón). This is a dissimilatory process, and is associated with educated speech. The repetitiveness of the final -s in the nominal and verbal plural forms is seen as a little bit repetitive. | |||
The use of -ón as a general nominal plural is considered colloquial. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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Unlike other Germanic languages, Ceuja has generally regularised verbs, although doublets have been formed from different tense forms (even retaining their tense distinctions sometimes). | Unlike other Germanic languages, Ceuja has generally regularised verbs, although doublets have been formed from different tense forms (even retaining their tense distinctions sometimes). | ||
====Early | ====Early Modern declension==== | ||
This is the traditional declension of Early Modern Ceuja, with variant forms in italics. | This is the traditional declension of Early Modern Ceuja, with variant forms in italics. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=7| | !colspan=7| "to give" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=2| Infinite forms | |||
! Infinitive I | ! Infinitive I | ||
| geban || *gebaną̆ | | geban || *gebaną̆ | ||
! Present participle | |||
| gebando || *gebandz | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Infinitive II | ! Infinitive II | ||
| geuna || *gebăną | | geuna || *gebăną | ||
! Past Participle | |||
| gebá || *geba-daz | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural | ! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=7| | !colspan=7| "to have" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=2| Infinite forms | |||
! Infinitive I | ! Infinitive I | ||
| ejan || *habjaną̆ | | ejan || *habjaną̆ | ||
! Present participle | |||
| ejando || *habjandz | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Infinitive II | ! Infinitive II | ||
| yena || *habjăną | | yena || *habjăną | ||
! Past Participle | |||
| ejá || *habja-daz | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural | ! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=7| | !colspan=7| "to miss" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=2| Infinite forms | |||
! Infinitive I | ! Infinitive I | ||
| aban || *habd-aną | |||
! Present participle | |||
| abando || *habd-andz | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Infinitive II | ! Infinitive II | ||
| auna || *habd-aną | |||
! Past Participle | |||
| abá || *habd-adaz | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural | ! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Late | ====Late Modern declension==== | ||
The Late Modern language has drastically restructured the verbal system, levelling both persons and numbers into a more regular system, and reinnovating the participles. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=3| "to give" | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Infinitives | |||
! Infinitive I | |||
| geban | |||
|- | |||
! Infinitive II | |||
| geuna | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Participles | |||
! Present-active | |||
| geunén (gebanén) | |||
|- | |||
! Past-passive | |||
| de-geuná (de-gebaná) | |||
|- | |||
! Present !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st | |||
| gebo || gebos | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd, 3rd | |||
| gebez || gebaces | |||
|- | |||
! 1st inclu. | |||
| - || gebas (geumas) | |||
|- | |||
! 4th | |||
| gebe || - | |||
|- | |||
! Past !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st | |||
| de-gebo || de-gebos | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd, 3rd | |||
| de-gebez || de-gebaces | |||
|- | |||
! 1st inclu. | |||
| - || de-gebas (de-geumas) | |||
|- | |||
! 4th | |||
| de-gebe || - | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Imperative !! Exclusive !! Inclusive | |||
|- | |||
| (do-)gebe || (do-)geumas (geumás) | |||
|} | |||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
A preliminary wordlist: | A preliminary wordlist: | ||