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== Gloss == | == Gloss-glossary == | ||
:'''ACT''' – actor | |||
:'''CAUS''' – causative | |||
:'''GEN''' – genitive | |||
:'''INCL''' – inclusive | |||
:'''LOC''' – locative | |||
:'''PAT''' – patient | |||
:'''(PATfoc)''' – patient focus | |||
:'''PERF''' – perfective | |||
:'''PL''' – plural | |||
:'''PL₂''' – plural #2 (used mostly where the normal plural doesn't make phonetic sense) | |||
:'''STAT''' – stative | |||
== Grammar notes == | |||
While the above gloss should go a long way towards familiarising foreigners with the Nessanese language, some important things to note include: | |||
* There is little clear distinction between verbs and nouns morphologically speaking. | |||
:: ''painazón = tame smthing; one who tames'' | |||
:* An exception: a(n)- is generally a clear verb marker as it marks transitivity. | |||
* Word order tends to be VSO (the syntactic pivot tends to follow the verb). | |||
* The verb, or noun in its role, will focus one of its arguments. This makes that argument the syntactic pivot. | |||
* The syntactic pivot (subject)'s case is generally unmarked. | |||
* Modifiers ''follow'' their heads. | |||
:: ''aō-býas = dog-wild = a wild dog''. | |||
* Noun cases are generally preposed or prefixed, ''but'' they can be joined onto the preceding word. This can be for 3 reasons: | |||
:* Phonology: because the preceding word is more likely to be phonologically affected by the following consononant, e.g.: ''painazón thai-aōbýas ⇒ painazóų thai-aōbýas ⇒ painazóųthai aōbýas'', | |||
:* Semantics: because the speaker is attempting to indicate some sort of special relationship between the phrases, | |||
:* Style: because the speaker felt like it. | |||
:: This is an optional process. | |||
=== Pass the Particle Parcel === | |||
The latter "particle passing" is indicated with arrows. For example, ''later-STAT← ←die-1p.INCL'' indicates that the STAT particle has been given to ''later'' by ''die''; the prefix ultimately applies to ''die'' though. And finally, ''⇇'' indicates that a particle applies to an entire clause. | |||
=== Infinitives and Imperatives === | |||
A verb phrase that is an argument to another verb (e.g., I want to '''eat''') may focus patients instead of the actor. The patient voice is also often used for imperatives. | |||
=== Noun cases and verb focus === | |||
The language has the following noun cases: | |||
* '''Actor''' – kai- | |||
* '''Patient''' – thai- | |||
* '''Locative''' – -on | |||
* '''Oblique''' – ho- | |||
* '''Instrumental''' – (h)e- | |||
The correlate with the following focus/voice affixes verbs use: | |||
* '''Actor''' – a(n)- (transitive), mai- (stative or active) | |||
* '''Patient''' – -a, -en- | |||
* '''Locative''' – -on | |||
* '''Oblique''' – -i | |||
* '''Instrumental''' – (h)e- | |||
=== Other verbal particles === | |||
* pai- is a causative marker. | |||
* The perfective aspect particle is ''-(i)n-'', which goes after any other prefixes and before the root. | |||
== Gloss (OLD: DO NOT INCLUDE) == | |||