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* Japanese vowel devoicing (especially for closed vowels /i/ and /u/)
* Japanese vowel devoicing (especially for closed vowels /i/ and /u/)
* Rendaku & Lyman's law, which prevents more than one voiced obstruent per morpheme (but not in the compound as a whole). <!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku -->
* Rendaku & Lyman's law, which prevents more than one voiced obstruent per morpheme (but not in the compound as a whole). <!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku -->
== Test Grammar ==
=== Classes ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Number
! Bleek<br/>1869
! Meinhof<br/>1932
! Meeussen<br/>1967
! Guthrie<br/>1971
! Welmers<br/>1974
! Demuth<br/>2000
! Odden<br/>Forthc.
! Ceige<br/>20XX
! Typical meaning(s)
|-
| 1
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mo-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| mǝ-
| Humans, animate
|-
| 2
| ''*ba-''
| ''*ʋa-''
| ''*ba-''
| ''*ba-''
| ''*va-''
| ''*va-''
| ''*ba-''
| wa-
| Plural of class 1
|-
| 3
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mo-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| mǝ-
| Plants, inanimate
|-
| 4
| ''*mɪ-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*mɪ-''
| ''*me-''
| ''*mɪ-''
| ''*mɪ-''
| ''*mɪ-''
| mǝi-
| Plural of class 3
|-
| 5
| ''*dɪ-'', ''*lɪ-''
| ''*li-''
| ''*i-''
| ''*ji-''
| ''*lɪ-''
| ''*lɪ-''
| ''*di-''
| nǝi-
| Various
|-
| 6
| ''*ma-''
| ''*ma-''
| ''*ma-''
| ''*ma-''
| ''*ma-''
| ''*ma-''
| ''*ma-''
| ma-
| Plural of class 5, liquids ([[mass noun]]s)
|-
| 7
| ''*kɪ-''
| ''*ki-''
| ''*kɪ-''
| ''*ke-''
| ''*kɪ-''
| ''*kɪ-''
| ''*kɪ-''
| kǝi-
| Various, diminutives, manner/way/language
|-
| 8
| ''*pi-''
| ''*ʋɪ-''
| ''*bi-''
| ''*bi-''
| ''*ʋi-'', ''*li-'' ("8x")
| ''*ʋi-'', ''*di-''
| ''*bi-''
| wi-
| Plural of class 7
|-
| 9
| ''*n-''
| ''*ni-''
| ''*n-''
| ''*nj-''
| ''*nɪ-''
| ''*n-''
| ''*n-''
| ni-
| Animals, inanimate
|-
| 10
| ''*thin-''
| ''*lɪ'', ''ni-''
| ''*n-''
| ''*nj-''
| ''*li-nɪ-''
| ''*di-n-''
| ''*n-''
| ni-, nǝi-
| Plural of class 9 and 11
|-
| 11
| ''*lʊ-''
| ''*lʊ-''
| ''*dʊ-''
| ''*do-''
| ''*lʊ-''
| ''*lʊ-''
| ''*dʊ-''
| nǝi-
| Abstract nouns
|-
| 12
| ''*ka-'' (13)
| ''*ka-'' (13)
| ''*ka-''
| ''*ka-''
| ''*ka-''
| ''*ka-''
| ''*ka-''
| ka-
| Diminutives
|-
| 13
| ''*tʊ-'' (12)
| ''*tʊ-'' (12)
| ''*tʊ-''
| ''*to-''
| ''*tʊ-''
| ''*tʊ-''
| ''*tʊ-''
| tǝ-
| Plural of class 12
|-
| 14
| ''*bʊ-''
| ''*ʋʊ-''
| ''*bʊ-''
| ''*bo-''
| ''*ʋʊ-''
| ''*ʋʊ-''
| ''*bʊ-''
| wǝ-
| Abstract nouns
|-
| 15
| ''*kʊ-''
| ''*kʊ-''
| ''*kʊ-''
| ''*ko-''
| ''*kʊ-''
| ''*kʊ-''
| ''*kʊ-''
| kǝ-
| Infinitives
|-
| 16
| ''*pa-''
| ''*pa-''
| ''*pa-''
| ''*pa-''
| ''*pa-''
| ''*pa-''
| ''*pa-''
| pa-
| Locatives (proximal, exact)
|-
| 17
|
| ''*kʊ-''
| ''*kʊ-''
| ''*ko-''
| ''*kʊ-''
| ''*kʊ-''
| ''*kʊ-''
| kǝ-
| Locatives (distal, approximate)
|-
| 18
|
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mo-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| ''*mʊ-''
| mǝ-
| Locatives (interior)
|-
| 19
|
| ''*pɪ-''
| ''*pi-''
| ''*pi-''
| ''*pi-''
| ''*pi-''
| ''*pi-''
| pi-
| Diminutives
|-
| 20
|
| ''*ɣu-''
|
|
|
|
|
| (u-)
| Putative
|-
| 21
|
| ''*ɣɪ-''
|
|
|
|
|
| (i-)
| Augmentative
|-
| (22)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 23
|
|
| ''*i'' (24)
|
|
|
|
| (i-)
| Locative
|}
Cf. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Bantu_language#Noun_classes This table on Wikipedia and its qualifying notes, esp. RE the semantics]
Ceige
870

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