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→‎Full-Ablaut Words
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Pharyngeal
! style="width: 68px; " |Epiglottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
|-
! style="" |Nasal
! Indo-European !! Indo-Aryan !! Madyastani !! Romanisation
| m
|
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| *p || *p || [p] || p
| p, b
|  
|  
| t, d
|  
|  
|
| k, g
|
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| (*b), *bʰ || (*b), *bʱ || [b] || b
| f, v
|
|
| s, z
| ʃ, ʒ
|
|  
| (x, ɣ)
|  
|  
|  
| h
|-
|-
! style="" |Affricate
| *t || *t || [t] || t
|  
|  
|  
|  
| t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| *d, *dʰ || *d, *dʱ || [d] || d
| ʋ~w
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
| j
|
|
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Trill
| *k̂ || *ĉ || [ɕ~ʃ] || ś/sh
|  
|  
|  
| (r)
|  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
| *ĝ || *ĵ || [ʑ~d͡ʒ] || j
|  
|  
|  
| ɾ
|  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
| *ĝʰ || *ĵʱ || [ʑ~d͡ʒ~h] || jh~h
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
| *k(ʷ) + i, e || *č || [t͡ʃ] || c/ch
|
|
|
| l
|  
|  
|
| (ʟ)
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral flap
| *g(ʷ) + i, e || *ǰ || [d͡ʒ] || j
|  
|-
|  
| *gʰ(ʷ) + i, e || *ǰʱ || [d͡ʒ~h] || jh~h
|  
|-
| (ɺ)
| *k(ʷ) || *k || [g] || k
|  
|-
|  
| *g(ʷ) *gʰ(ʷ) || *g, *gʱ || [g] || g
|  
|-
|  
| *r + s || *rš || [rʃ] || (r)š/(r)sh
|  
|-
|  
| *k̂ + t/d || *št || [ʃt~ʂʈ] || št/sht(h)
|  
|-
|  
| *ĝ/ĝʱ + t/d || *št || [ʒd~ɖ~dː] || jd(h)/(j)dd(h)
|-
| *k̂ + s || *šš || [ʃ~ʃː] || šš/ssh
|-
| *m || *m || [m] || m
|-
| *n || *n || [n] || n
|-
| *l, r || *r || [r] || r
|-
| (*l) || (*l) || [l] || (l)
|-
| *m || *m || [m] || m
|-
| *r̥ || *r̥ || [ər] || er/(r)
|-
| *y || *y || [j] || y
|-
| *w || *w || [w~ʋ] || w/(v)
|-
| (*H, *ĝʱ) || (*H, *ĵʱ) || [h] || h
|}
|}
<small>Round-bracketed bits are rarer or less important, and orthographical conventions are ordered left-to-right according to acceptance.</small>
<small><Jh> tends to be pronounced as [d͡ʒ] word initially, and as [h] word medially. The allophonic status of this phoneme has not exactly been sorted out.</small>
<small>Even after redoing the consonant system, I'm not sure how I want PII <*ĵʱ> to turn out. J, jh, or h? It's tempting to choose the latter for compatibility with Sanskrit, but it's also tempting to choose J to keep things systematic. Ultimately, the deciding part is whether voiced consonants merge before or after palatalisation.</small>


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! Indo-European !! Indo-Aryan !! Madyastani !! Romanisation
| '''i'''
|
| (u)
|
| '''u'''
|-
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| *e [æ], *o [ɑ], *CnC || *a || [ä~a~æ] || a
|  
| (i)
|  
| (u)
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| *ē, *ō, *CoCV || *ā || [äː~ɑː~ä] || ā/a
| '''ae'''
|  
|  
|  
| (o)
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
| *Ch₂CC, *Ch₂Ø, *i || *i || [i] || i
| '''e''' (ae)
|  
|  
|  
| '''o'''
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| - || *ai || [e(ː)] || e
| (e)
|  
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| - || *au || [o(ː)] || o
| (a)
|
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
| *u || *u || [u] || u
| (a)
|-
|  
| - || - || [ə] || e/ə
| '''a'''
| (a)
|  
|}
|}
===Phonotactics===
<small>The macron is not considered entirely necessary by this point in the language's development, due to the slow-but-sure collapse of the vowel length system and its replacement with one based on stress and syllable structure.</small>
 
===Examples of Sound Change===
Note that the above rules are not entirely regular, as you will see below.
* <small>PIE</small> *deywós > <small>PII</small> *daiwá- > <small>MDY</small> '''dewa'''
* <small>PIE</small> *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s > <small>Pre-PII</small> *ǵnǵʰwéh₂s > <small>PII</small> *ĵiĵʰwa- > <small>MDY</small> '''jihwa''' (jijhwa)
* <small>PIE</small> *ph₂tēr > <small>PII</small> *pitā́r > <small>MDY</small> '''pitar''' (pitā)
* <small>PIE</small> *bʰeh₂tēr > <small>PII</small> *bhrā́tār > <small>MDY</small> '''bratar''' (brātār)
* <small>PIE</small> *dék̂m̥  > <small>PII</small> *dáĉa > <small>MDY</small> '''daśa''' (dasha)
* <small>PIE</small> *h2r̥tk̂os > <small>PII</small> *r̥kša-> <small>MDY</small> '''rksha'''
 
===Full-Ablaut Words===
While not necessarily equivalent to the Proto-Indo-European ablaut, Madyastani has a special class of root variations known as ''full-ablaut words''. While the name is somewhat misleading (for example, *u and *i don't necessarily transform into <awa> and <aya>), it generally involves the insertion of many <a>s into the root word, thus creating a new word.
For example:
* <small>PIE</small> *medʰyo- > madahaya = ''madya'' (middle)
* <small>PIE</small> *medʰyo- > madahaya = ''madya''
 
Often, full-ablaut words will indicate phonemes that no longer exist in the standard language, such as <dh>. While in PIE, *dʰ is a single consonant, in Madyastani, these have been either analysed as clusters, or have evolved into them, being preserved in a way by the full-ablaut series of vocabulary. However, the process is not entirely straightforward or regular. For example:
* <small>PIE</small> *swésōr > sawasara = ''swasar'' (sister)
* <small>PIE</small> *swépno- > sawapana = ''swapna'' (dream)
* <small>PIE</small> *sóh₂wl̥ > sawara = ''sura, surya'' (sun)
''but''
* <small>PIE</small> *suro- > sura (no change) (cheese)
* <small>PIE</small> *steh₂no- > stana (no change), or astana (state)
 
Here we can see that PIE *s-w- does not work according to a single system, and not all *s+consonant combinations work the same either. As a result, this series is not considered productive anymore, although new vocabulary can be made via analogy.
 
<!--===Phonotactics===-->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
*Whenever a+i appears, it tends to form ae, except in loanwords, and rare cases
*Whenever a+u appears, it tends to form o, except in loanwords, and in rare cases (where it will for "ao" in writing)
*Many vowels can shift according to position, or subsequent vowels. In some dialects, subtle vowel harmony or umlauting may occur
*In many dialects there is a tendency to reduce consonant clusters, however, there is no strict rule against them in Medyachi, but since Medyachi is dictated by things popular in the other dialects, it has no real sway on the issue
* L historically has been marginally used, but remains in the language for reasons unknown/unexplained


<!--===Orthography===-->
<!--===Orthography===-->
<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. -->
<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. -->


<!--==Grammar==-->


<!--==Grammar==-->
==Morphology and Grammar==
==Morphology and Grammar==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
Ceige
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