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User:Ceige/Sketch: Difference between revisions
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Nasals (and other normally voiced continuants) are described as being distinguished based on voicing, but this is a simplified approach. In actuality, voiceless nasals can be pre-stopped, may have a negative VOT, or be glottalised. Post-stopped nasals (e.g., mp) are accounted for by vowel nasalisation (see the [[#Vowels|relevant section]]) | Nasals (and other normally voiced continuants) are described as being distinguished based on voicing, but this is a simplified approach. In actuality, voiceless nasals can be pre-stopped, may have a negative VOT, or be glottalised. Post-stopped nasals (e.g., mp) are accounted for by vowel nasalisation (see the [[#Vowels|relevant section]]) | ||
Note that tl and tš can be substituted with ƛ and č respectively. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Consonants | |+ Consonants | ||
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!rowspan=2| Sonorants #1 | !rowspan=2| Sonorants #1 | ||
! Voiceless | ! Voiceless | ||
| m̊ | | m̊ ⟨hm⟩ || n̊ ⟨hn⟩ || l̥ ⟨lt⟩ || ɲ̊ ⟨hň⟩ || ŋ̊ ⟨hŋ⟩ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
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: '''N.B.:''' ''Vowel harmony is not set in stone and can be tweaked a lot in daughter languages. Like with <strong>every</strong> description of the language on this page, don't feel too bad if you decide to get rid of vowel harmony or decide to go nuts with it and expand it. That's why I've added vowels out the wazoo!'' | : '''N.B.:''' ''Vowel harmony is not set in stone and can be tweaked a lot in daughter languages. Like with <strong>every</strong> description of the language on this page, don't feel too bad if you decide to get rid of vowel harmony or decide to go nuts with it and expand it. That's why I've added vowels out the wazoo!'' | ||
For example | |||
* '''I:''' i, ü | * '''I:''' i, ü (for frontness harmony: i, ü, ï, u) | ||
* '''E:''' e, ö (for frontness harmony: e, ö, ë, o) | |||
* '''E:''' e, ö | |||
* '''A''' (can only do frontness harmony): a, ä | * '''A''' (can only do frontness harmony): a, ä | ||
* '''O:''' ë, o | * '''O:''' ë, o | ||
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(Naturally, Į, Ę, Ą, Ǫ, Ų signify the relevant nasal vowels) | (Naturally, Į, Ę, Ą, Ǫ, Ų signify the relevant nasal vowels) | ||
===Accent=== | |||
There are two marked accents: relative high and low pitch. High pitch uses an acute accent (á) and low pitch uses a grave accent (à). There is also a neutral accent. After an accented syllable, all subsequent syllables may use the same pitch until the next accented syllable. Thus: | |||
* tatáta = NHH (or LHH) | |||
* tátatà = HHL | |||
* tatatà = NNL (or HHL) | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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## Should nouns mark for gender or animacy? | ## Should nouns mark for gender or animacy? | ||
====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
Nouns can optionally be distinguished by number. The three numbers are singular, plural, and collective. The semantic distinction between the plural - | ## NEEDS REVAMP | ||
Nouns can optionally be distinguished by number. The three numbers are singular, plural, and collective. The semantic distinction between the plural -mE and collective -kI is weak. The set collective suffix, -(O)t'ə, however, is normally used for things in an identifiable set, such as a pair of eyes, a pair of shoes, a collection of houses ("a neighbourhood") and the like. | |||
All number suffixes can come after a case particle, except for the Set Collective, which is fused to the noun. However, both the normal and set collectives can cause the verb to agree in the collective number too (see [[#Verbs]]). | All number suffixes can come after a case particle, except for the Set Collective, which is fused to the noun. However, both the normal and set collectives can cause the verb to agree in the collective number too (see [[#Verbs]]). | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Plural | ! Plural | ||
| - | | <code>-mE</code> || k'utmö = the houses | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Collective | ! Collective | ||
| -kI || k'utkü = the houses | | <code>-kI</code> || k'utkü = the houses | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Set Collective | ! Set Collective | ||
| -(O)l' || k'utolt = the neighbourhood, complex etc | | <code>-(O)l'</code> || k'utolt = the neighbourhood, complex etc <!-- ## MARK FOR DELETION ## --> | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Case==== | ====Case==== | ||
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| <code>-(E)lt</code> || we together, the flock of birds | | <code>-(E)lt</code> || we together, the flock of birds | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Participles==== | ====Participles==== | ||
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# can focus multiple at once for clarification but that's really nom/acc then innit? | # can focus multiple at once for clarification but that's really nom/acc then innit? | ||
# intr can use erg/acc/dir as necessary for semantic reasons (i break smthng, I break, I dance) (e.g. bridge-wo cross.verb in japanese?) | # intr can use erg/acc/dir as necessary for semantic reasons (i break smthng, I break, I dance) (e.g. bridge-wo cross.verb in japanese?) | ||
# verb marking if necessary (cf. austronesian "passive" voice) | # verb marking if necessary (cf. austronesian "passive" voice with C-um-VC) | ||
===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
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==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
===Word List=== | |||
* kʰałta = drawing | |||
* k'ut = house | |||
* kïł = bird <!-- inspired by Turkic --> | |||
* mur = river <!-- inspired by Amur river article --> | |||
* pʰer = to plant | |||
* pąt = wall | |||
* pątmolt = enclosure, fortified area | |||
* pątk'utolt = fortified town | |||
* pęsä = limb | |||
* są̈tʰi = healthy | |||
* sępi = fruit, nut, seed | |||
* sko = to brew something <!-- scone ~> bread < braw-d-ą?--> | |||
* stak- = to fight, engage (?) | |||
* stakma = fight, engagement | |||
* stakwa = warrior | |||
* t'äni = stone <!-- inspired by some random JP word also stainaz --> | |||
* tul = to help | |||
* tulma = help | |||
* tlʰa = hoof | |||
* tšąka = forest | |||