Linguifex

User:Ceige/Sketch v2: Difference between revisions

User page Discussion

User:Ceige/Sketch v2 (view source)

Revision as of 09:34, 7 April 2017

8,911 bytes added ,  7 April 2017
→‎Conlang
 
(35 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
=Name=
=Name=
## No name yet, leave it as is and call it Proto-Speedy? Has there ever been a language discovered with no hint at an endonym or exonym or even place to associate it with available?
Wemenį
<!-- ## No name yet, leave it as is and call it Proto-Speedy? Has there ever been a language discovered with no hint at an endonym or exonym or even place to associate it with available?
<!-- Damn, I shoulda made a mix of Georgian, Nobiin and Mizo morphology. Well, that can wait for later! -->
<!-- Damn, I shoulda made a mix of Georgian, Nobiin and Mizo morphology. Well, that can wait for later! -->


Line 90: Line 91:


==Accent==
==Accent==
There are two marked accents: relative high and low pitch. High pitch uses an acute accent (á) and low pitch uses a grave accent (à). There is also a neutral accent. After an accented syllable, all subsequent syllables may use the same pitch until the next accented syllable. Thus:
There are two marked accents: high-pitch and low-pitch. High pitch uses an acute accent (á) and low pitch uses a grave accent (à). Words could have one accent, both accents, or perhaps even no accents. Different dialects had different accent systems which makes them difficult to reconstruct.
:: ''<strong>N.B.:</strong> If you see a word has no accent marked, that's probably because I forgot to actually assign accents to words when making the lexicon. So, uh... whoops? Just assign whatever accents you want, I guess.''
<!--There is also a neutral accent. After an accented syllable, all subsequent syllables may use the same pitch until the next accented syllable. Thus:
* tatáta = NHH (or LHH)
* tatáta = NHH (or LHH)
* tátatà = HHL
* tátatà = HHL
* tatatà = NNL (or HHL)
* tatatà = NNL (or HHL)-->


=Grammar=
=Grammar=
Line 99: Line 102:


==Word Order==
==Word Order==
Word order is flexible, with VSO, SOV and SVO all being possibilities. Note, however, that S and O are not strictly speaking the actor and patient in a sentence; see [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]] for more information.
Word order is generally SOV and left branching, with words following their modifiers. However, within that framework, it is possible for VSO and SVO sentences to emerge as long branching is respected on a phrasal level. Note, however, that S and O are not strictly speaking the actor and patient in a sentence; see [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]] for more information.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
## Should nouns mark for gender or animacy?
===Number===
===Number===
## NEEDS REVAMP
Nouns can optionally be distinguished by number. The three numbers are singular, plural, and collective. Plural markers can come before or after case markers.
Nouns can optionally be distinguished by number. The three numbers are singular, plural, and collective. Plural markers can come before or after case markers.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" <!--style="text-align: left;"-->
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" <!--style="text-align: left;"-->
Line 144: Line 145:
| <code>-(I)s</code> || Can stand in for any of the following cases || murüs = (of/by/with/to/along) the river
| <code>-(I)s</code> || Can stand in for any of the following cases || murüs = (of/by/with/to/along) the river
|-
|-
! Genitive  
! Genitive #1
| <code>-nĮ</code> < Earlier <code>-nIŋ</code> <!-- Stolen from Turkic -->|| "of X", "belonging to X", "to do with X" || murnį = of the river
| <code>-nĮ</code> < Earlier <code>-nIŋ</code> <!-- Stolen from Turkic -->|| "of X", "belonging to X", "to do with X" || murnį = of the river
|-
|-
! Inalienable Genitive
! Genitive #2
| <code>-kA</code>, <code>-ŋA</code> || "of X", "belonging to X", "to do with X" || murka mitšəmitš = along the path of the river
| <code>-kA</code>, <code>-ŋA</code> || "of X", "belonging to X", "to do with X" (Inalienable) || murka mitšəmitš = along the path of the river
|-
|-
! Lative
! Lative
Line 175: Line 176:
|}
|}


The Inalienable Genitive is used for inalienable genitive - for example, family relationships, body parts, creations, actions, essential qualities and the like. The normal genitive however is <strong>not</strong> to be thought of as an alienable genitive - it is simply the default genitive.
Genitive #2 is used for inalienable possession - for example, family relationships, body parts, creations, actions, essential qualities and the like. The normal genitive (Genitive #1) can also be used in the same place, but does not carry the special meaning. Genitive #1 is simply the default genitive.


The reportative is actually an evidentiality marker that can be affixed to ''any'' unit of speech, including verbs or even entire phrases and sentences.
The reportative is actually an evidentiality marker that can be affixed to ''any'' unit of speech, including verbs or even entire phrases and sentences.
===Nominalisation===
There are a variety of suffixes that can be used for nominalisation. These include:
* <strong>-mA</strong>, often used for nominalising verbs, adjectives and phrases,
* <strong>-wE</strong>, used for nouns about people, and sometimes actor nouns
* <strong>-mǫ</strong>, used for things, phenomena (which -mA is often used for too)
* <strong>-mIx</strong>, used for certain tools and helpful objects
* <strong>-ti</strong>, a fossilised nominaliser of unknown meaning
In addition, the masculine, feminine and inanimate suffixes might also be of use (see [[#Verbs]]).
In theory, any noun can be used to nominalise another phrase.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
## SHOULD BE UP TO DATE
Verbs can mark for a range of categories, and are also pro-drop as far as some of these categories are concerned too. The categories are:
Verbs can mark for a range of categories, and are also pro-drop as far as some of these categories are concerned too. The categories are:
* '''Gender:''' male, female, inanimate and honorific (note that verbs tend to only mark for a gender '''or''' honorific, thus its inclusion in this category)
* '''Gender:''' male, female, inanimate and honorific (note that verbs tend to only mark for a gender '''or''' honorific, thus its inclusion in this category)
* '''Number:''' singular, plural, collective
* '''Number:''' singular, plural, collective
* '''Person:''' 1st (I, we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, it) and 4th (one)
* '''Person:''' 1st (I, we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, it) and 4th (one)
:: '''N.B.:''' ''since the language is pro-drop, 4th person can also be done by not marking at all without context being provided.''
:: '''N.B.:''' ''since the language is pro-drop, 4th person can also be done by not marking at all in certain contexts''


Note that the honorific marker is a verbal prefix, and when not o- may be preceded by w- (e.g. wë-)
Personal affixes are generally prefixed to the start of the verb. The honorific often overrides person affixes, resulting in listeners needing to use context to understand who the actor and patients are. Personal affixes can also be detached from the verb and treated as pronouns. In doing so, they may be suffixed.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Person Affixes for Verbs
|-
! 🦌 !! First !! Second !! Third !! Fourth
|-
! Direct affix
| <code>mI-</code> || <code>nI-</code> || <code>mA-</code> || <code>A-</code>
|}
 
 
The collective is interchangeable with both the plural and singular when appropriate.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Number Affixes for Verbs
|-
! 🦌 !! Affix !! Example Use Cases
|-
! Singular
| -Ø || I, you, a bird
|-
! Plural
| <code>-mE</code> || we, you all, the birds
|-
! Collective
| <code>-kI</code> || we together, the flock of birds
|}
 
 
Note that the honorific marker is a verbal prefix, and when not o- may be preceded by w- (e.g. wë-).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Gender Affixes for Verbs
|+ Gender Affixes for Verbs
Line 193: Line 236:
|-
|-
! Male
! Male
| <code>-nA</code> || Father, son, boy, bull
| <code>-nA</code> || Father, son, boy, buck
|-
|-
! Female
! Female
| <code>-mI</code> || Mother, daughter, girl, cow
| <code>-mI</code> || Mother, daughter, girl, doe
|-
|-
! Inanimate
! Inanimate
| <code>-mų</code> || Rocks, grass, hydrodynamics
| <code>-lų</code> || Rocks, grass, hydrodynamics
|-
|-
! Honorific
! Honorific
Line 206: Line 249:




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left;"
===Auxiliary Verbs===
|+ Number Affixes for Verbs
Verbs mark for tense, aspect and mood and other senses using auxiliary verbs.
 
Either the main verb or the auxiliary verb can be marked for gender, number and person.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" <!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Northwest_Caucasian_language -->
|+ Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! 🦌 !! Verb form !! Other uses
|-
! Copula
| n(e)-  || Stative, Continuative
|-
! to work
| sąk- || Frequentative, Intensive
|-
! to drive
| tšʰäy- || Causative
|-
! to find
| lu- || Perfect, Past tense
|-
! to hold
| tʰas- || Historic past tense
|-
! to rest
| imï- || Imperfect, Past tense
|-
! to want
| k'aw- || Optative
|-
|-
! 🦌 !! Affix !! Example Use Cases
! to go
| sąp- || Future tense
|-
|-
! Singular
! to need
| -Ø || I, you, a bird
| höt'- || Necessitative
|-
|-
! Plural
! to be blessed
| <code>-(ə)ł(ə)</code> || we, you all, the birds
| są̈tʰi- || Benedictive
|-
|-
! Collective
! to exhort
| <code>-(E)lt</code> || we together, the flock of birds
| jëha- || Imperative, Jussive
|}
|}


Note that the copula sometimes had different vowels. The semantic effects of this are unknown.


===Participles===
===Participles===
Standard verbal nouns, gerunds or participles end with <code>-mA</code>.


Standard verbal nouns, gerunds or participles end with <code>-mA</code>.
===Negatives===
Negatives either use '''anna''' or '''ąna''' (orthographical variants of the same word) before the verb or any given word being negated, or they inflect '''ąna''' as though it were an auxiliary verb.
 
There is also a prohibitive, which is '''ją̈''', which works similarly to '''ąna'''.


==Morphosyntactic alignment==
==Morphosyntactic alignment==
## Austronesian type alignment
<!-- ## Austronesian type alignment
  # focus erg/acc/dir
  # focus erg/acc/dir
  # can focus multiple at once for clarification but that's really nom/acc then innit?
  # can focus multiple at once for clarification but that's really nom/acc then innit?
  # intr can use erg/acc/dir as necessary for semantic reasons (i break smthng, I break, I dance) (e.g. bridge-wo cross.verb in japanese?)
  # intr can use erg/acc/dir as necessary for semantic reasons (i break smthng, I break, I dance) (e.g. bridge-wo cross.verb in japanese?)
  # verb marking if necessary (cf. austronesian "passive" voice with C-um-VC)
  # verb marking if necessary (cf. austronesian "passive" voice with C-um-VC)-->
The language has something close to Austronesian type "direct" alignment. This means that either the actor or patient is marked with the actor or patient marker, and the one that '''isn't''' marked as such is marked with a generic ''direct'' case marker ([[#Case]]).
 
For example, given "the bird helps the warrior eat the leaves", there are several ways for this to be phrased.
: ''<strong>N.B.:</strong> For the sake of brevity I am truncating the direct to -p here.''
 
* the ''bird'' being marked with the ''actor'' case and the ''warrior'' with the ''direct'' case
:: {| style="border: 1px solid black; background: lightyellow; text-align: center;"
|-
| '''kïłnë''' || '''k'osöp''' || '''tésikimï''' || '''kʰąplųkümas''' || '''matul'''
|-
| kïł-nO || k'os-wE-Ap || tési-kI-mU || kʰąp-lŲ-kI-mA-s || mA-tul-
|-
| bird-ACT || fight-guy-DIR || leaf-COLL-PAT || eat-INAM-COLL-NMZ-OBL || 3-help
|-
| colspan=5 | ''The bird helps the warrior eat the leaves''
|}
 
* the ''warrior'' being marked with the ''patient'' case and the ''bird'' with the ''direct'' case
:: {| style="border: 1px solid black; background: lightyellow;"
|-
| '''k'osömu''' || '''kïłap''' || '''tésikimï''' || '''kʰąplųkümas''' || '''matul'''
|-
| k'os-wE-mU || kïł-Ap || tési-kI-mU || kʰąp-lŲ-kI-mA-s || mA-tul-
|-
| fight-guy-PAT || bird-DIR || leaf-COLL-PAT || eat-INAM-COLL-NMZ-OBL || 3-help
|-
| colspan=5 | ''The warrior is helped by the bird to eat the leaves''
|}
 
* both being marked with their appropriate ''actor'' and ''patient'' cases, and the ''direct'' being used for something else.
:: {| style="border: 1px solid black; background: lightyellow;"
|-
| '''kïłnë''' || '''k'osömu''' || '''tésikimï''' || '''kʰąplųkümap''' || '''matul'''
|-
| kïł-nO || k'os-wE-mU || tési-kI-mU || kʰąp-lŲ-kI-mA-Ap || mA-tul-
|-
| bird-ACT || fight-guy-DIR || leaf-COLL-PAT || eat-INAM-COLL-NMZ-DIR || 3-help
|-
| colspan=5 | ''The bird helps the warrior eat the leaves''
|}
 
* And then there's other crazy arrangements like:
:: {| style="border: 1px solid black; background: lightyellow;"
|-
| '''kïłnë''' || '''(o)k'osöp''' || '''tésiki''' || '''okʰąpma''' || '''tul'''
|-
| kïł-nO || (o)k'os-wE-Ap || tési-kI- || kʰąp-na-mA- || mA-tul-
|-
| bird-ACT || (HON)-fight-guy-DIR || leaf-COLL-(DIR)|| HON-eat-NMZ-(DIR) || 3-help
|-
| colspan=5 | ''The bird helps the honourable warrior eat the leaves (honourably)''
|}
 
 
An example using only person affixes, ''"We will fight you for it"'':
* Nimemï map mük'os sąp – ''You will be fought by us for it''
* Mimenë map nük'os sąp – ''We will fight you for it''
* Mas münük'os sąpme – ''We(.INCL) will fight you for it''
* Mas nük'os müsąpme - ''For it, we will bring the fight to you''
* Minë nimï maŋe k'osme sąp – ''We(.FOC) will fight you(.FOC) for it(.FOC)''


==Particles==
==Particles==
## TODO?


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
Adjectives are generally morphologically indistinguishable from verbs or from nouns followed by verbs.
To form an adjective from a noun, simply place the copula '''n-''' or any other suitable auxiliary verb between it and the noun being modified.
To form an adjective from a verb, simply place the verb before the noun it is modifying, or turn the verb into a participle and follow the above advice for a noun.


==Adverbs==
==Adverbs==
Adverbs are formed using various case markers.
=Texts=
==Not-Quite Schleicher's Fable==
===Conlang===
Now with half hearted glossing!
# Hnuskap'ö, tšʰełaxï hŋeminë pulmöp sar ŋemi-tʰas:
::: <sup>hill-LOC wool-FROM sheep-ACT dog-PLU-DIR three see-HIST</sup>
# omüsno kʰąta tl'arka orunamas, omüsno toł t'uxmǫ ot'uxmas,
::: <sup>HON-PLU-OBL-ACT heavy sled HON-pul-NMZ-OBL, HON-PLU-OBL-ACT big carry-thing HON-carry-NMZ-OBL,</sup>
# omüsno saywe käysäs otʰǫsamas wa neme-tʰas.
::: <sup>HON-PLU-OBL-ACT man-fellow quick-OBL HON-lead-NMZ-OBL CONJ COP-PLU-HIST</sup>
# Hŋeminë susąmǫ pulmöp pëš-tʰas: "Saywenë otʰošmö tšʰäyma ŋemimas, minį tšo tʰär".
::: <sup>sheep-ACT follow-thing dog-PLU-DIR say-HIST: "man-fellow-ACT HON-wolf-PLU drive-NMZ see-NMZ-OBL, 1-GEN heart hurt"</sup>
# Pulmöp šątis apëš-tʰas:"K'ötšəjoha, hŋemi: –"
::: <sup>dog-PLU-DIR in return 4-say-HIST: "listen-IMP, sheep: –"</sup>
# "Osaywenë, otʰǫsano, hŋeminį tšʰełap topxa kʰarxįs mas oyar."
::: <sup>"HON-man-fellow-ACT, HON-leader-ACT, sheep-GEN wool-DIR warm garment-OBL 3-OBL HON-make"</sup>
# "Mamitšwa, hŋeminë tšʰełaŋi ąna-ne. Manë minį tšome ų̈mü tʰärme"
::: <sup>"3-PROLAT-CONJ, sheep-ACT wool-INST NEG-COP. 3-ACT 1-GEN heart-PLU AFFIRM hurt-PLU"</sup>
# Įma k'ötǫtəp'e, hŋemi wëtškïsŋe tełkäyur-tʰas.
::: <sup>this hear-time-LOC, sheep grass-land-LAT fly-run-HIST.</sup>
===English===
# On a hill, a sheep without wool saw three dogs:
# one of them pulling a heavy sled, one of them carrying a big load,
# and one of them leading a man quickly.
# The sheep said the following: "My heart hurts, seeing a man driving such noble wolves".
# The dogs said this in return: "Listen, sheep: –"
# "The man, the honourable master, makes the sheep's wool into a warm garment for himself."
# "And because of that, the sheep has no wool. That certainly hurts our hearts."
# Upon hearing this, the sheep fled into the plain.
===Original===
[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.


=Vocabulary=
=Vocabulary=
==Word List==
==Word List==
* kʰałta = drawing
[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1J1P7n03eDCGcB-ZBQFDoeefRG58l1E-njzhHOBE5xUM/pubhtml  Google Sheets Wordlist]
<!--* kʰałta = drawing
* k'ut = house
* k'ut = house
* kïł = bird <!-- inspired by Turkic -->
* kïł = bird <!-- inspired by Turkic -/->
* mur = river <!-- inspired by Amur river article -->
* mur = river <!-- inspired by Amur river article -/->
* pʰer = to plant
* pʰer = to plant
* pąt = wall
* pąt = wall
Line 252: Line 437:
* są̈tʰi = healthy
* są̈tʰi = healthy
* sępi = fruit, nut, seed
* sępi = fruit, nut, seed
* sko = to brew something <!-- scone ~> bread < braw-d-ą?-->
* sko = to brew something <!-- scone ~> bread < braw-d-ą?-/->
* stak- = to fight, engage (?)
* stak- = to fight, engage (?)
* stakma = fight, engagement
* stakma = fight, engagement
* stakwa = warrior
* stakwa = warrior
* t'äni = stone <!-- inspired by some random JP word also stainaz -->
* t'äni = stone <!-- inspired by some random JP word also stainaz -/->
* tul = to help
* tul = to help
* tulma = help
* tulma = help
* tlʰa = hoof
* tlʰa = hoof
* tšąka = forest
* tšąka = forest-->
Ceige
870

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/70034...70582"