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User:Ceige/Sketch v2: Difference between revisions
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====Case==== | ====Case==== | ||
Nouns use case | Nouns use case markers which agree with them in vowel harmony. These markers or particles are actually analysable as nouns in their own right, and thus in certain styles of speech can go before or after the noun they modify. But traditionally, they are marked after the noun. <!--or rather, a noun-phrase modifies a case marker by coming before it--> | ||
Using <code><code /></code> tags on case forms for orthographic clarity: | |||
Using < | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" <!--style="text-align: left;"--> | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" <!--style="text-align: left;"--> | ||
|+ Noun Cases | |+ Noun Cases | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Actor | ! Actor | ||
| <code>-nO</code> || The doer of an action || murno = the river (does something) | | <code>-nO</code> || See [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]]<!--The doer of an action--> || murno = the river (does something) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Patient | ! Patient | ||
| <code>-mU</code> || The thing that has an action done to it || murmu = the river (has something done to it) | | <code>-mU</code> || See [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]]<!--The thing that has an action done to it--> || murmu = the river (has something done to it) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Direct | ! Direct | ||
| <code>-(ʔ)A(p)</code> or -Ø || Any actor, patient, dative etc that was left out of explicit marking || mura(p), mur = the river | | <code>-(ʔ)A(p)</code> or -Ø || See [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]]<!--Any actor, patient, dative etc that was left out of explicit marking--> || mura(p), mur = the river | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| <code>-p'E</code> || | | <code>-p'E</code> || Locative ("at X"), Proximative ("near X"), Comitative ("with X") || murp'ö = by the river <!-- mur(ə)p'ö = by the river --><!-- Stolen from Japonic and Ainu --> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Lative | ! Lative | ||
| <code>-kE</code>, <code>-ŋE</code> || Lative ("to X") | | <code>-kE</code>, <code>-ŋE</code> || Lative ("to X"), Dative ("to X, for X") || murkö <!-- Stolen from Turkic --> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Prolative | ! Prolative | ||
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|- --> | |- --> | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| <code>-xU</code> || Ablative ("from") | | <code>-xU</code> || Ablative ("from"), Abessive ("without") || murxu <!-- Stolen from Nivkh -ux https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Нивхский_язык --> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| <code>-ŋI</code><!--<code>-mIx</code>--> || Instrumental ("by means of") | | <code>-ŋI</code><!--<code>-mIx</code>--> || Instrumental ("by means of"), Comitative ("with") || murŋü = by use of the river <!-- Stolen from Greenlandic -mik--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Equative | ! Equative | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The Inalienable Genitive is used for inalienable genitive - for example, family relationships, body parts, creations, actions, essential qualities and the like. The normal genitive however is <strong>not</strong> to be thought of as an alienable genitive - it is simply the default genitive. | |||
The reportative is actually an evidentiality marker that can be affixed to ''any'' unit of speech, including verbs or even entire phrases and sentences. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||