User:Chrysophylax/Idephines: Difference between revisions

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My latest chamlang, in the style of Dhannuá being "plausibly Celtic" at first glance, this shall be "plausibly at first glance" a mystical love child of Proto-Greek and Proto-Albanian, avec dashes of ''liquamen''. It is named after the Boeotian word for sweet-voiced, ''ἴδηφιν''.
My latest chamlang, in the style of Dhannuá being "plausibly Celtic" at first glance, this shall be "plausibly at first glance" a mystical love child of Proto-Greek and Proto-Albanian, avec dashes of ''liquamen''. It is named after the Boeotian word for sweet-voiced, ''ἴδηφιν''.  


==Changes from Proto-Indo-European==
And now, I've come up with a proper glottonym, woo!
 
(ϜΕΠΟΣ) ΧΙΡΑΘΩΝ
 
==A Tentative Chronological Order of Sound Change==
===The elimination of the laryngeals and their effect on nearby vowels===
====Hoffman's Law====
 
Not unlike Cowgill's law in the Germanic branch, there appears to be occasional consonant reflexes of certain laryngeals in Dephinian.
The sound change, called Hoffman's law (sometimes Hoffman-Cowgill) after Maribel Hoffman's discovery (Hoffman 1988: 201 n. 2) that either Cowgill's law or something very similar to it operates to a certain extent in some Dephinian words albeit with the modification that the reflex is *g and not *k (as in Germanic).
 
: PIE *gʷih₃wós > *gʷigwós > *gʷígʷus > Deph βιφος /ˈbipʰos/ (with analogical lowering of the nominative ending vowel, cf. μιρτος /ˈmirtos/ ‘dead’)
 
This sound change must predate the change of the labiovelars to labials, as there is no attested **βίυς /biːus/ which would be the regular outcome of a form **bíh₃wós with intervocalic w- and laryngeal deletion.
 
====Quinn's Law====
 
Quinn's law was first formulated by Nathanel Quinn to explain certain irregularities in the inherited lexicon. It states that /g/ before /h₂/ gave -gʰa- as a result of leftwards aspiration assimilation in the earliest stages of Dephinian. (Quinn 2009: 103 n. 1)
 
:PIE *dʰugh₂tḗr > *dugʰatḗr > *dugʰátēr > Deph δυχάτηρ /duˈχɑteːr/ ‘daughter’ instead of expected **δυγατηρ < **dhugátēr.
 
===Delabialization of m===
PIE *yugóm > *yugón
 
===Initial jod fortition===
{{ast}}yugón > *dyugon
===Loss of word-final stop consonants===
 
===Barytonesis===
{{ast}}dyugon > *dyúgon
 
===Merger of labiovelars into labials===
 
===Vocalisation of word-final /s/===
 
===Raising of /o/ to /u/ between resonants and labials===
PIE *nókʷt-s > *nópts > *núpts > *nū́ps > Deph νυιψ /nyps/ ‘night’
 
===Palatalisation===
 
===Debuccalisation of /s/===
 
===Depatalisation===
 
===Assimilation of /s/ to neighbouring stops===
 
==Chronologically unordered list of delicious sound changes==
===Misc. changes pilfered from Proto-Albanian and Proto-Greek===
===Misc. changes pilfered from Proto-Albanian and Proto-Greek===
:* /s/ > /χ/ \ V_V, _R /s/ > /θ/ \ _V, /χ/ \ -_k-, /θ/ \ -_d-, /ʃ/ \ [r u̯ k i̯]_V, /i̯/ \ V̄_#
:* /s/ > /χ/ \ V_V, _R /s/ > /θ/ \ _V, /χ/ \ -_k-, /θ/ \ -_d-, /ʃ/ \ [r u̯ k i̯]_V, /i̯/ \ V̄_#
:* /y/ > /dy/ \ #_
:* /y/ > /dy/ \ #_
:: {{term|θυγον}} ''thúgon'' 'yoke' < ''*čúgon'' < *''dyúgon'' < PIE ''*yugóm''
::: {{term|θυγον}} ''thúgon'' 'yoke' < ''*čúgon'' < *''dyúgon'' < PIE ''*yugóm''
:* Loss of final stop consonants; /m/ > /n/ \ _#
:* Loss of final stop consonants
:: ''P, T, K'' > 0 \ _#
:* /m/ > /n/ \ _#
:* /h₁/, /h₂/, /h₃/ > /e/ /a/ /o/ \ V_V, _C
:* /h₁/, /h₂/, /h₃/ > /e/ /a/ /o/ \ V_V, _C
:: {{term|ενεν}} ''énen'' 'name' < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-'',
::: {{term|ενεν}} ''énen'' 'name' < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-'',
:* CRHC > CRēC, CRāC, CrōC [1-2-3]
:* CRHC > CRēC, CRāC, CrōC [1-2-3]
:* laryngeal colouring and compensatory lengthening of following vowels
:* laryngeal colouring and compensatory lengthening of following vowels
:: /h₁e/, /h₂e/, /h₃e/ > /ē/, /ā/, /ō/
:: /h₁e/, /h₂e/, /h₃e/ > /ē/, /ā/, /ō/
::: {{term|ααντηρηι}} ''ā́ntērēi'' 'ancestors' < PIE *''h₂en-tḗr-''
::: {{term|αντηρηι}} ''ā́ntērēi'' 'ancestors' < PIE *''h₂en-tḗr-''
::: {{term|ωφώχωι}} ''ōphōχōi'' 'of a serpent' < PIE ''*h₃egʷ-''
::: {{term|ωφώχωι}} ''ōphṓχōi'' 'of a serpent' < PIE ''*h₃egʷ-''


===Plosives===
===Plosives===
:* /p/ > /p/
:* /p/ > /p/
:* /t/ > /t/
:* /t/ > /t/
:* /ty/ > /θ/
:::  {{term|χιρέθωι}} ''khiréthōi'' 'harder' < *''χrétʲōi'' < PIE ''*kret-yōs'', cf. {{term|χιρτυς}} ''khírtus'' 'hard'
:* /k/ > /k/, /χ/ \#_R,
:* /k/ > /k/, /χ/ \#_R,
:* K > /χ/ \#_R
:* "/b/" > /b/
:* "/b/" > /b/
:* /d/ > /d/,
:* /d/ > /d/,
:* /g/ > /g/
:* /g/ > /g/
:* /bh/ > /b/, /ph/ \ R_, V_V, #_R
:* // > /b/, /ph/ \ R_, V_V, #_R
:* /dh/ > /d/, /th/ \ R_, V_V, /thy/ > /čč/ > /θ/
::: {{term|φρατηρ}} ''phrā́tēr'' 'brother' < PIE ''*bʰréh₂tēr''
:* /gh/ > /g/, /χ/ \ R_, V_V, /khy/ > /čč/ > /θ/ \ #_
:* /dh/ > /d/, /th/ \ R_, V_V,
:* /gʷ/ > /b/ Ideph. ''bori'' < PIE *''gʷor̥'' o-grade of *gʷr̩H—, /''T''/ \ _e''thémmi'' "I strike" < PIE ''*gʷhen-mi'' but ''bonos'' "argument" < *''gʷhón-os'', ''dēn'' 'woman' < PIE ''*gʷḗn''
:* /dhy/ > /θ/ \ #_V
:* /kʷ/ > /p/ Ideph.  ''pis'' < PIE ''*kʷis''
::: {{term|θαν}} ''thān'' 'thought' < PIE ''*dhyeh₂-mn̥-''
:* /gʱʷ/ > /pʰ/ \ R_, V_V, /b/  Ideph. ''ōphes'' < PIE ''*h₃egʰʷis''
:* // > /g/, /χ/ \ R_, V_V, /khy/ > /čč/ > /θ/ \ #_
:* /gʷ/ > /b/  
::: {{term|βορι}} ''bori'' 'hill' < PIE *''gʷor̥'', o-grade of ''*gʷr̩H—'',  
:* /gʷ/ > /''T''/ \ _e  
::: {{term|δην}} ''dēn'' 'woman' < PIE ''*gʷḗn''
::: {{term|δηφινωι}} ''dḗphinōi'' 'of the living' < PIE ''*gʷeyh₃w-n̩-'', but {{term|βιφος}} ''bíphos'' 'alive' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wos''
::: {{term|θεμμι}} ''thémmi'' 'I strike' < PIE ''*gʷhen-mi'', but {{term|βονος}} ''bonos'' 'argument' < *''gʷhón-os''
:* /gʱʷ/ > /pʰ/ \ R_, V_V, /b/   
::: {{term|ωφες}} ''ōphes'' 'serpent' < PIE ''*h₃egʰʷis''
:* /kʷ/ > /p/
::: {{term|πις}} ''pis'' 'who' < PIE ''*kʷis''
:* /kʰʷ/ > /pʰ/ \ R_, V_V, /p/
:* /kʰʷ/ > /pʰ/ \ R_, V_V, /p/
:* /ḱ/ >  /θ/ \ _e, ''thémmi'' "I say, I talk" < PIE ''*ḱéh₁mi''
:* /ḱ/ >  /θ/ \ _e
::: {{term|θεμμι}} ''thémmi'' 'I say, I talk' < PIE ''*ḱéh₁mi''


===Pilfered from Aeolic===
===Pilfered from Aeolic===
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* Mostly athematic inflection (''-mi'' set)
* Mostly athematic inflection (''-mi'' set)
* Athematic infinitive in ''-menai'', thematic in ''-men''
* Athematic infinitive in ''-menai'', thematic in ''-men''
* barytonesis, jump of accent.
:: {{term|θυγον}} ''thúgon'' vs. PIE ''*yugóm''


===Resonants===
===Resonants===
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:* /o/ > /u/ \ R_{{sc|+labial}} ; e.g. {{term|νυιψ}} ''nyps'' 'night' < ''*nūps'' < ''*núpts'' < PIE ''*nókʷt-s''
:* /o/ > /u/ \ R_{{sc|+labial}} ; e.g. {{term|νυιψ}} ''nyps'' 'night' < ''*nūps'' < ''*núpts'' < PIE ''*nókʷt-s''
:* <s>/o/ > /a/</s>
:* <s>/o/ > /a/</s>
:* /ō/ > /o/ {{term|ϝηχορ}} ''vḗχor'' 'sister' < ''*vḗχōr'' < ''*χwéχōr'' < PIE ''*swésōr''
:* <s>/ō/ > /o/</s> {{term|ϝηχωρ}} ''vḗχōr'' 'sister' < ''*vḗχōr'' < ''*χwéχōr'' < PIE ''*swésōr''
:* /u/ > /u/
:* /u/ > /u/
:* /ū/ > /y/
:* /ū/ > /y/
:* /e/ > /je/ \R_C
:* /e/ > /je/ \R_C dial. {{term|ϝιήθηρ}} ''vjḗthēr'' < ''*χwéθtēr'' < dial. PIE ''*swéstēr'' by analogy with ''*bʰréh₂tēr''
:* /e/ > /e/
:* /e/ > /e/
:* /i/ > /i/
:* /i/ > /i/
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:* /ī/ > /i/ ''viros'' < ''*vī́ros'' < ''*wíHros'' <  PIE ''*wiHrós''
:* /ī/ > /i/ ''viros'' < ''*vī́ros'' < ''*wíHros'' <  PIE ''*wiHrós''


==leykʷ-==
:* /eu/ > /ū~eu/ {{term|ερεύθρος}}, {{term|ερύθρος}} ''ereúthros'', ''erū́thros'' < PIE ''*h₁reudh-ro-''
 
==examples==
==Loans==
* [[User:Chrysophylax/Substrate language|substrate language]]
: {{c|χαφταψ}} ''χaphtaps'' 'warlord', from '''xaphdáph''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|δαϝοτυς}} ''davotus'' 'priest of a particular god', from '''dáwátus''' 'lighter of the flame'
: {{c|φεθαχς}} ''phethax'' 'axe-bearer, bodyguard', from '''fexa''' 'axe'
: {{c|nωθη}} ''nōthē'' 'the Ocean', from '''nōthē''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|θηθυψ}} ''thēthups'' 'temple', from '''sēdhuf''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|ϝυχοτυς}} ''vuχotus'' 'orator', from '''wuhkotus''' 'who makes speech'.
: {{c|ϝυναχς}} ''vunax'' 'poet', from '''wuhnako''' 'he who has speech as a profession', from '''wuhko''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
: {{c|νωναθηι}} ''nōnathēi'' 'fisherman' from '''nōnathē''' 'he who has the sea as a profession', from '''nōthē''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
 
===V.1===
===V.1===
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