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'''Proto-Lúsanic''', also '''Proto-Lusanic''', (sometimes abbreviated '''PLu.'''), is the reconstructed ancestral language of all the Lúsanian languages, including [[Dhannuá|Aurónian]], [[Finian|Finian]] and the Limbe-Mereian languages. Proto-Lúsanic is classified as being part of the “centum” languages (similarly to [[w:Proto-Italic|Italic]], [[w:Proto-Celtic|Celtic]], [[w:Proto-Germanic|Germanic]], etc.), having merged the traditional palatovelar and plain series of Proto-Indo-European plosives.
'''Proto-Lúsanic''', also '''Proto-Lusanic''', (sometimes abbreviated '''PLu.'''), is the reconstructed ancestral language of all the Lúsanian languages, including [[Dhannuá|Aurónian]], [[Finian|Finian]] and the Limbe-Mereian languages. Proto-Lúsanic is classified as being part of the “centum” languages (similarly to [[w:Proto-Italic|Italic]], [[w:Proto-Celtic|Celtic]], [[w:Proto-Germanic|Germanic]], etc.), having merged the traditional palatovelar and plain series of the [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] plosives.


The reconstruction of Proto-Lúsanic is currently being undertaken but suffers from a lack of recorded sources as written material is mostly attested from one branch (Finio-Dhannic).
The reconstruction of Proto-Lúsanic is currently being undertaken but suffers from a lack of recorded sources as written material is mostly attested from one branch (Finio-Dhannic).
Line 16: Line 16:
:* /dd/ → /ss/
:* /dd/ → /ss/


* metathesis of “thorn clusters” (TK > KT, e.g. *h<sub>2</sub>rtkos → *h<sub>2</sub>rktos)
* metathesis of “thorn clusters” (TK > KT, e.g. *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos)


* Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel:
* Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel:
 
:* /h₁e/ → /e/ ~ /i/
:* /h₁e/ → /iː/
:* /h₂e/ → /a/
:* /h₂e/ → /a/
:* /h₃e/ → /o/
:* /h₃e/ → /o/
* Loss of laryngeals after a preceding vowel, lengthening and colouring it:
:* /eh₁/ → /ē/
:* /eh₂/ → /ā/
:* /eh₃/ → /ō/


===Early Proto-Lúsanic===
===Early Proto-Lúsanic===
* Loss of laryngeals by vocalisation between two plosives (CHC > CVC)
*: /h₁/ → /i/
*: /h₂/ → /a/
*: /h₃/ → /o/
* Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge:
* Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge:
:* /kʷ/ → /kw/
:* /kʷ/ → /kw/
Line 33: Line 41:
:* /st/ → /ss/
:* /st/ → /ss/
:* /sk/ → /ss/
:* /sk/ → /ss/
:* /sp/ → /ss/


* *m becomes *n before dentals
* *m becomes *n before dentals and at the end of words.
:* /m̩d/ > /n̩d/
:* /m̩d/ → /n̩d/
:* /m̩t/ > /n̩t/
:* /m̩t/ → /n̩t/
:* /m#/ → /n#/
 
* Sequences of a nasal and velar reduce to *nn in a two-step process.
:# velars turn into a nasal velar
:#* /nk/ → /nŋ/
:#* /ng/ → /nŋ/
:#* /ngʱ/ → /nŋ/
:# nasal velars are de-velarized after a nasal
:#* /nŋ/ → /nn/


===Proto-Lúsanic===
===Proto-Lúsanic===
* Fricativization and devoicing of velar consonants before *w, *r, *l:
* Epethentic *a inserted before syllabic resonants except if blocked by preceding *Vr:
:* /kw/ → /hw/
:* /gw/ → /hw/
:* /gʱw/ → /hw/
 
* Epethentic *a inserted before syllabic resonants:
:* /m̩/ → /am/
:* /m̩/ → /am/
:* /n̩/ → /an/
:* /n̩/ → /an/
:* /l̩/ → /al/
:* /l̩/ → /al/
:* /r̩/ → /ar/
:* /r̩/ → /ar/
* Merger of short *a into *ā in closed and stressed syllables:
*: /CáC/ → /Cā́C/
* labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically:
:* /kw/ → /w/
:* /gw/ → /w/
* Fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l:
:* /kw/ → /hw/
:* /gw/ → /hw/
:* /gʱw/ → /hw/


* All words become stressed on the first syllable (e.g. *gʰortós → *gʰórtos)
* All words become stressed on the first syllable (e.g. *gʰortós → *gʰórtos)
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* Raising of *o after *w
* Raising of *o after *w
:* /wo/ → /wu/
:* /wo/ → /wu/
* Voicing of plosives between a resonant and a vowel (RCV > RC<sub>+voiced</sub>V)
===Late Proto-Lúsanic===
These features spread somewhat unevenly among the daughter branches of Proto-Lúsanic, but still probably constituted a single intelligible dialect continuum.
* Voicing of word-medial and word-final *s
:* /s/ → /z/ <ref group='*' name='rhotacism'></ref>
* Loss of word-initial *h when followed by a liquid
:* /hl/ → /l/
:* /hr/ → /r/
* Merger of *sp into *ss
<references group ='*'>
<ref name='rhotacism'>Only word medial in Finian</ref>
</references>
===Examples===
{| class='wikitable'
|-
!rowspan="2"|PIE
!rowspan="2"|Proto-Lusanic
!colspan="2"|Example
|-
! Proto-Lusanic
! Descendants
|-
|*p
|*p
|pátēr
|Dh. ''pathair''
|-
|*t
|*t
|túsdandi
|Dh. ''tasandh''
|-
|*k
|*k
|káptōd
|Fin. ''haftaa'' (< earlier *''kaftaa'')
|}
==Morphology==
===Noun===
A minor collapse of the athematic/thematic distinction is observed, e.g. the thematic ablative -ad is here found on a traditionally athematic stem.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! colspan="5"| pátēr (Brightraven 2013)
|-
!  colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! colspan="1" | Nominative
| colspan="2" | pátēr, *~īr  || colspan="2" | páteris
|-
! colspan="1" | Vocative
| colspan="2" | pátre || colspan="2" | páteris
|-
! colspan="1" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | pátaris || colspan="2" | pātaroun
|-
! colspan="1" | Accusative
| colspan="2" | pátern || colspan="2" | pā́terans
|-
! colspan="1" | Dative
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátaribhos
|-
! colspan="1" | Ablative
| colspan="2" | pátarad ||  colspan="2" | pátaribhos
|-
! colspan="1" | Instrumental
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátaribhī
|-
! colspan="1" | Locative
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátarais
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! colspan="5"| yúgon (Brightraven 2013)
|-
!  colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! colspan="1" | Nominative
| colspan="2" | yúgon  || colspan="2" | yúgā
|-
! colspan="1" | Vocative
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā
|-
! colspan="1" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | yúgis || colspan="2" | yúgoun
|-
! colspan="1" | Accusative
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā
|-
! colspan="1" | Dative
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yúgibhos
|-
! colspan="1" | Ablative
| colspan="2" | yúgad ||  colspan="2" | yúgibhos
|-
! colspan="1" | Instrumental
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yugibhī
|-
! colspan="1" | Locative
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yúgais
|}
===Pronoun===
===Verb===
Loss of the middle voice r-endings.
Creation of the future tense from former desiderative -s-.
====Copula====
{| class="wikitable"
! Person
! Present<br/>indicative
! Imperfect<br/>indicative
! Optative
! Imperative
|-
! 1st singular
| *ísani
| *ásan
| *ísjēn
| &mdash;
|-
! 2nd singular
| *íssi
| *ís
| *isjēs
| *ísdʰi
|-
! 3rd singular
| *ísti
| *íst
| *isjēt
| *ístu
|-
! 1st dual
| *swús
| *swé
| *sī́we
| &mdash;
|-
! 2nd dual
| *ístes
| *íston
| *íston
| *íston
|-
! 3rd dual
| *ístes
| *ístān
| *ístān
| *ístān
|-
! 1st plural
| *sámos
| *ísan
| *sīn
| &mdash;
|-
! 2nd plural
| *ísti
| *ísti
| *sī́ti
| *ísti
|-
! 3rd plural
| *ásandi
| *sánad
| *sjánad
| *sándu
|}
==Numerals==
* 'one':
* 'two':
* 'three':
* 'four': ''*wetwōr'' (> Finian {{sc|vissaa}} ''wissâ'', Limbe ωλυηρ ''ōluār'', Dhannuá uéduór )
* 'five': ''*pennwe'' (> Old Dhannuá PENVE ''penwe'', Finian {{sc|finni}} ''finni'')
* 'six':
* 'seven':
==Schleicher's PIE fable rendered into Proto-Lusanic==
Here follows a 'direct' phonetic evolution of the reconstructed PIE text in Proto-Lusanic.
:''Proto-Lusanic'' (Bhitar Morningway<ref name="bhitar"></ref>)
:: [Warai] Owiz, éwūzwe, wésjo wŭ́lnā ne est, éwunz spéket, aiwón warún wúghon weghondan, aiwónwe méghan bhóron, aiwonwe ghámenn, ṓku bhérondan. Owiz nu éwaibhoz wéuwet: kḗr aghnuda moy éwunz agondan néran wídandey. Ewoz tu weuwont: klúdhi, owei, kḗr aghnuda ánsmei wídandibhoz. anḗr, pódiz, awjon rṓ wúlnān sebhi warnéudi nu wéramon wéstron néghi awion wulnā ésdi. Tód hluwuz owiz agron bhugét.
:''Proto-Lusanic'' (Ivanin Aiduvitić<ref name="ivanin"></ref>)
:: [Wérei] Owis, éwēswe, wési̯o wŭ́lnā ne íst, éwāns spéket, éwon wárun wúghon woghondan, éwonwe méghan bhóron, éwonwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Owis nu éwai̯bhos wū́wet: kḗr aghna moi̯ éwens agondan néran wídandei̯. Eweis tu wū́wont: lúdhi, owei, kḗr aghna ánsamei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, áwi̯on rō wúlnān swébhi wárnūdi nu wéramon wéstron néghi áwi̯on wŭ́lnā íst. Tód lúwus owis nu agron bhúget.
:''Late Proto-Lusanic'' (Karl Svensson<ref name="karl"></ref>)
:: [Wórei̯] Úis, ū́ziswe, úzi̯o ulanā ne ísti, ū́ans spéket, éūn wórun wúghon wóghondan, éūnwe mághan bhóron, éūnwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Úis nu ūobhos wū́t: kḗr aghana moi̯ ū́ins agondan néran wídandei̯. Úīs tu wūnt: lúdhi, úi, kḗr aghana ánasmei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, ūi̯on rō ūlanān swébhi wórnūdi nu wóramon wóstaron néghi ūi̯on ŭlanā ísti. Tód lūs úis nu agron bhúget.
===Notes===
<ref name="bhitar">Better do this in the morning, eh?</ref>
<ref name="ivanin">Aiduvitić harshly criticised Morningway's reconstruction in '''Why Morningway is Wrong: An unhealthy focus on Finio-Dhannic vocalism''' and was the first to derive forms including Limbe-Mereian data.</ref>
<ref name="karl">Representing a late Proto-Lusanic dialect probably basal to the Finio-Dhannic branch with w-contamination.</ref>
<references/>
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