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* Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel:
* Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel:
:* /h₁e/ → /e/
:* /h₁e/ → /e/ ~ /i/
:* /h₂e/ → /a/
:* /h₂e/ → /a/
:* /h₃e/ → /o/
:* /h₃e/ → /o/
Line 29: Line 29:


===Early Proto-Lúsanic===
===Early Proto-Lúsanic===
* Loss of laryngeals by vocalisation between two plosives (CHC > CVC)
*: /h₁/ → /i/
*: /h₂/ → /a/
*: /h₃/ → /o/
* Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge:
* Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge:
:* /kʷ/ → /kw/
:* /kʷ/ → /kw/
Line 52: Line 56:


===Proto-Lúsanic===
===Proto-Lúsanic===
* Epethentic *a inserted before syllabic resonants:
* Epethentic *a inserted before syllabic resonants except if blocked by preceding *Vr:
:* /m̩/ → /am/
:* /m̩/ → /am/
:* /n̩/ → /an/
:* /n̩/ → /an/
:* /l̩/ → /al/
:* /l̩/ → /al/
:* /r̩/ → /ar/
:* /r̩/ → /ar/
* Merger of short *a into *ā in closed and stressed syllables:
*: /CáC/ → /Cā́C/


* labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically:
* labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically:
Line 86: Line 93:
:* /hr/ → /r/
:* /hr/ → /r/


===Notes===
* Merger of *sp into *ss
 
<references group ='*'>
<references group ='*'>
<ref name='rhotacism'>Only word medial in Finian</ref>
<ref name='rhotacism'>Only word medial in Finian</ref>
</references>
</references>
===Examples===
{| class='wikitable'
|-
!rowspan="2"|PIE
!rowspan="2"|Proto-Lusanic
!colspan="2"|Example
|-
! Proto-Lusanic
! Descendants
|-
|*p
|*p
|pátēr
|Dh. ''pathair''
|-
|*t
|*t
|túsdandi
|Dh. ''tasandh''
|-
|*k
|*k
|káptōd
|Fin. ''haftaa'' (< earlier *''kaftaa'')
|}
==Morphology==
===Noun===
A minor collapse of the athematic/thematic distinction is observed, e.g. the thematic ablative -ad is here found on a traditionally athematic stem.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! colspan="5"| pátēr (Brightraven 2013)
|-
!  colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! colspan="1" | Nominative
| colspan="2" | pátēr, *~īr  || colspan="2" | páteris
|-
! colspan="1" | Vocative
| colspan="2" | pátre || colspan="2" | páteris
|-
! colspan="1" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | pátaris || colspan="2" | pātaroun
|-
! colspan="1" | Accusative
| colspan="2" | pátern || colspan="2" | pā́terans
|-
! colspan="1" | Dative
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátaribhos
|-
! colspan="1" | Ablative
| colspan="2" | pátarad ||  colspan="2" | pátaribhos
|-
! colspan="1" | Instrumental
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátaribhī
|-
! colspan="1" | Locative
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátarais
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! colspan="5"| yúgon (Brightraven 2013)
|-
!  colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! colspan="1" | Nominative
| colspan="2" | yúgon  || colspan="2" | yúgā
|-
! colspan="1" | Vocative
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā
|-
! colspan="1" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | yúgis || colspan="2" | yúgoun
|-
! colspan="1" | Accusative
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā
|-
! colspan="1" | Dative
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yúgibhos
|-
! colspan="1" | Ablative
| colspan="2" | yúgad ||  colspan="2" | yúgibhos
|-
! colspan="1" | Instrumental
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yugibhī
|-
! colspan="1" | Locative
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yúgais
|}
===Pronoun===
===Verb===
Loss of the middle voice r-endings.
Creation of the future tense from former desiderative -s-.
====Copula====
{| class="wikitable"
! Person
! Present<br/>indicative
! Imperfect<br/>indicative
! Optative
! Imperative
|-
! 1st singular
| *ísani
| *ásan
| *ísjēn
| &mdash;
|-
! 2nd singular
| *íssi
| *ís
| *isjēs
| *ísdʰi
|-
! 3rd singular
| *ísti
| *íst
| *isjēt
| *ístu
|-
! 1st dual
| *swús
| *swé
| *sī́we
| &mdash;
|-
! 2nd dual
| *ístes
| *íston
| *íston
| *íston
|-
! 3rd dual
| *ístes
| *ístān
| *ístān
| *ístān
|-
! 1st plural
| *sámos
| *ísan
| *sīn
| &mdash;
|-
! 2nd plural
| *ísti
| *ísti
| *sī́ti
| *ísti
|-
! 3rd plural
| *ásandi
| *sánad
| *sjánad
| *sándu
|}
==Numerals==
* 'one':
* 'two':
* 'three':
* 'four': ''*wetwōr'' (> Finian {{sc|vissaa}} ''wissâ'', Limbe ωλυηρ ''ōluār'', Dhannuá uéduór )
* 'five': ''*pennwe'' (> Old Dhannuá PENVE ''penwe'', Finian {{sc|finni}} ''finni'')
* 'six':
* 'seven':
==Schleicher's PIE fable rendered into Proto-Lusanic==
Here follows a 'direct' phonetic evolution of the reconstructed PIE text in Proto-Lusanic.
:''Proto-Lusanic'' (Bhitar Morningway<ref name="bhitar"></ref>)
:: [Warai] Owiz, éwūzwe, wésjo wŭ́lnā ne est, éwunz spéket, aiwón warún wúghon weghondan, aiwónwe méghan bhóron, aiwonwe ghámenn, ṓku bhérondan. Owiz nu éwaibhoz wéuwet: kḗr aghnuda moy éwunz agondan néran wídandey. Ewoz tu weuwont: klúdhi, owei, kḗr aghnuda ánsmei wídandibhoz. anḗr, pódiz, awjon rṓ wúlnān sebhi warnéudi nu wéramon wéstron néghi awion wulnā ésdi. Tód hluwuz owiz agron bhugét.
:''Proto-Lusanic'' (Ivanin Aiduvitić<ref name="ivanin"></ref>)
:: [Wérei] Owis, éwēswe, wési̯o wŭ́lnā ne íst, éwāns spéket, éwon wárun wúghon woghondan, éwonwe méghan bhóron, éwonwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Owis nu éwai̯bhos wū́wet: kḗr aghna moi̯ éwens agondan néran wídandei̯. Eweis tu wū́wont: lúdhi, owei, kḗr aghna ánsamei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, áwi̯on rō wúlnān swébhi wárnūdi nu wéramon wéstron néghi áwi̯on wŭ́lnā íst. Tód lúwus owis nu agron bhúget.
:''Late Proto-Lusanic'' (Karl Svensson<ref name="karl"></ref>)
:: [Wórei̯] Úis, ū́ziswe, úzi̯o ulanā ne ísti, ū́ans spéket, éūn wórun wúghon wóghondan, éūnwe mághan bhóron, éūnwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Úis nu ūobhos wū́t: kḗr aghana moi̯ ū́ins agondan néran wídandei̯. Úīs tu wūnt: lúdhi, úi, kḗr aghana ánasmei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, ūi̯on rō ūlanān swébhi wórnūdi nu wóramon wóstaron néghi ūi̯on ŭlanā ísti. Tód lūs úis nu agron bhúget.
===Notes===
<ref name="bhitar">Better do this in the morning, eh?</ref>
<ref name="ivanin">Aiduvitić harshly criticised Morningway's reconstruction in '''Why Morningway is Wrong: An unhealthy focus on Finio-Dhannic vocalism''' and was the first to derive forms including Limbe-Mereian data.</ref>
<ref name="karl">Representing a late Proto-Lusanic dialect probably basal to the Finio-Dhannic branch with w-contamination.</ref>
<references/>
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