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* Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel: | * Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel: | ||
:* /h₁e/ → /e/ | :* /h₁e/ → /e/ ~ /i/ | ||
:* /h₂e/ → /a/ | :* /h₂e/ → /a/ | ||
:* /h₃e/ → /o/ | :* /h₃e/ → /o/ | ||
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===Early Proto-Lúsanic=== | ===Early Proto-Lúsanic=== | ||
* Loss of laryngeals by vocalisation between two plosives (CHC > CVC) | |||
*: /h₁/ → /i/ | |||
*: /h₂/ → /a/ | |||
*: /h₃/ → /o/ | |||
* Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge: | * Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge: | ||
:* /kʷ/ → /kw/ | :* /kʷ/ → /kw/ | ||
Line 57: | Line 61: | ||
:* /l̩/ → /al/ | :* /l̩/ → /al/ | ||
:* /r̩/ → /ar/ | :* /r̩/ → /ar/ | ||
* Merger of short *a into *ā in closed and stressed syllables: | |||
*: /CáC/ → /Cā́C/ | |||
* labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically: | * labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically: | ||
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|*p | |*p | ||
|*p | |*p | ||
| | |pátēr | ||
|Dh. ''pathair'' | |Dh. ''pathair'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
A minor collapse of the athematic/thematic distinction is observed, e.g. the thematic ablative -ad is here found on a traditionally athematic stem. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white" | |||
! colspan="5"| pátēr (Brightraven 2013) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Nominative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátēr, *~īr || colspan="2" | páteris | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Vocative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátre || colspan="2" | páteris | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Genitive | |||
| colspan="2" | pátaris || colspan="2" | pātaroun | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Accusative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátern || colspan="2" | pā́terans | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Dative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátaribhos | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Ablative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátarad || colspan="2" | pátaribhos | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Instrumental | |||
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátaribhī | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Locative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátarais | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white" | |||
! colspan="5"| yúgon (Brightraven 2013) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Nominative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Vocative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Genitive | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgis || colspan="2" | yúgoun | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Accusative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Dative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yúgibhos | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Ablative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgad || colspan="2" | yúgibhos | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Instrumental | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yugibhī | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Locative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yúgais | |||
|} | |||
===Pronoun=== | ===Pronoun=== | ||
===Verb=== | ===Verb=== | ||
Loss of the middle voice r-endings. | |||
Creation of the future tense from former desiderative -s-. | |||
====Copula==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Person | |||
! Present<br/>indicative | |||
! Imperfect<br/>indicative | |||
! Optative | |||
! Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! 1st singular | |||
| *ísani | |||
| *ásan | |||
| *ísjēn | |||
| — | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd singular | |||
| *íssi | |||
| *ís | |||
| *isjēs | |||
| *ísdʰi | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd singular | |||
| *ísti | |||
| *íst | |||
| *isjēt | |||
| *ístu | |||
|- | |||
! 1st dual | |||
| *swús | |||
| *swé | |||
| *sī́we | |||
| — | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd dual | |||
| *ístes | |||
| *íston | |||
| *íston | |||
| *íston | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd dual | |||
| *ístes | |||
| *ístān | |||
| *ístān | |||
| *ístān | |||
|- | |||
! 1st plural | |||
| *sámos | |||
| *ísan | |||
| *sīn | |||
| — | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd plural | |||
| *ísti | |||
| *ísti | |||
| *sī́ti | |||
| *ísti | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd plural | |||
| *ásandi | |||
| *sánad | |||
| *sjánad | |||
| *sándu | |||
|} | |||
==Numerals== | ==Numerals== | ||
* 'one': | * 'one': | ||
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Here follows a 'direct' phonetic evolution of the reconstructed PIE text in Proto-Lusanic. | Here follows a 'direct' phonetic evolution of the reconstructed PIE text in Proto-Lusanic. | ||
:''Proto-Lusanic'' | :''Proto-Lusanic'' (Bhitar Morningway<ref name="bhitar"></ref>) | ||
:: [Warai] Owiz, éwūzwe, wésjo wŭ́lnā ne est, éwunz spéket, aiwón warún wúghon weghondan, aiwónwe méghan bhóron, aiwonwe ghámenn, ṓku bhérondan. Owiz nu éwaibhoz wéuwet: kḗr aghnuda moy éwunz agondan néran wídandey. Ewoz tu weuwont: klúdhi, owei, kḗr aghnuda ánsmei wídandibhoz. anḗr, pódiz, awjon rṓ wúlnān sebhi warnéudi nu wéramon wéstron néghi awion wulnā ésdi. Tód hluwuz owiz agron bhugét. | :: [Warai] Owiz, éwūzwe, wésjo wŭ́lnā ne est, éwunz spéket, aiwón warún wúghon weghondan, aiwónwe méghan bhóron, aiwonwe ghámenn, ṓku bhérondan. Owiz nu éwaibhoz wéuwet: kḗr aghnuda moy éwunz agondan néran wídandey. Ewoz tu weuwont: klúdhi, owei, kḗr aghnuda ánsmei wídandibhoz. anḗr, pódiz, awjon rṓ wúlnān sebhi warnéudi nu wéramon wéstron néghi awion wulnā ésdi. Tód hluwuz owiz agron bhugét. | ||
:''Proto-Lusanic'' (Ivanin Aiduvitić<ref name="ivanin"></ref>) | |||
:: [Wérei] Owis, éwēswe, wési̯o wŭ́lnā ne íst, éwāns spéket, éwon wárun wúghon woghondan, éwonwe méghan bhóron, éwonwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Owis nu éwai̯bhos wū́wet: kḗr aghna moi̯ éwens agondan néran wídandei̯. Eweis tu wū́wont: lúdhi, owei, kḗr aghna ánsamei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, áwi̯on rō wúlnān swébhi wárnūdi nu wéramon wéstron néghi áwi̯on wŭ́lnā íst. Tód lúwus owis nu agron bhúget. | |||
:''Late Proto-Lusanic'' (Karl Svensson<ref name="karl"></ref>) | |||
:: [Wórei̯] Úis, ū́ziswe, úzi̯o ulanā ne ísti, ū́ans spéket, éūn wórun wúghon wóghondan, éūnwe mághan bhóron, éūnwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Úis nu ūobhos wū́t: kḗr aghana moi̯ ū́ins agondan néran wídandei̯. Úīs tu wūnt: lúdhi, úi, kḗr aghana ánasmei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, ūi̯on rō ūlanān swébhi wórnūdi nu wóramon wóstaron néghi ūi̯on ŭlanā ísti. Tód lūs úis nu agron bhúget. | |||
===Notes=== | |||
<ref name="bhitar">Better do this in the morning, eh?</ref> | |||
<ref name="ivanin">Aiduvitić harshly criticised Morningway's reconstruction in '''Why Morningway is Wrong: An unhealthy focus on Finio-Dhannic vocalism''' and was the first to derive forms including Limbe-Mereian data.</ref> | |||
<ref name="karl">Representing a late Proto-Lusanic dialect probably basal to the Finio-Dhannic branch with w-contamination.</ref> | |||
<references/> |