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User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl: Difference between revisions

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→‎8. z-stems
 
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==Sound changes==
# merger of overlong into long vowels
# merger of overlong into long vowels
#: ''*pūkō'' ( < *pūkô)
#: ''*pūkō'' ( < *pūkô)
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# f > hw / _V
# f > hw / _V
#: ''*hwehu'' ( < *fehu)
#: ''*hwehu'' ( < *fehu)
# mb > w̃ / V_V
#: ''law̃ah'' ( < *lambaz )
# þ > s [unconditionally]
# þ > s [unconditionally]
#: ''sat'' ( < *þat), ''wursā'' < ''*wurþā'' ( < *wurdą)
#: ''sat'' ( < *þat), ''wursā'' < ''*wurþā'' ( < *wurdą)
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#: ''ējum'' ( < *aigum, {{sc|pres act 1pl}} of *aiganą), ''rīzanā'' ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), ''kiuranā'' ( < *keusaną)
#: ''ējum'' ( < *aigum, {{sc|pres act 1pl}} of *aiganą), ''rīzanā'' ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), ''kiuranā'' ( < *keusaną)
#: ''ērīs'' 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. ''avajs''  'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi)
#: ''ērīs'' 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. ''avajs''  'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi)
 
# /wr/ -> [rʷː]
===Status===
==Current status==
====1.====
====1.====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| hwarh
| hwarh
| hwarhāh
| hwarhāh
| blātā
| colspan=2 rowspan=3| blātā
| blātā
|-
|-
! Nominative  
! Nominative  
| hwarhah
| hwarhah
| hwarhāh
| hwarhāh
| blātā
| blātā
|-
|-
! Accusative  
! Accusative  
| hwarhā
| hwarhā
| hwarhann
| hwarhann
| blātā
| blātā
|-
|-
! Genitive  
! Genitive  
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|-
|-
|}
|}
===ō===
===ō===
These will probably merge to some extent with the a-stems of ''n'' gender.
These will probably merge to some extent with the a-stems of ''n'' gender.
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|-
|-
! Vocative  
! Vocative  
| ēvā
| rowspan="2"|ēvā
| ēvāh
| rowspan="3"|ēvāh
|-
|-
! Nominative  
! Nominative  
| ēvā
| ēvāh
|-
|-
! Accusative  
! Accusative  
| ēvō
| ēvō
| ēvāh
|-
|-
! Genitive  
! Genitive  
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! Dative  
! Dative  
| ēvāj
| ēvāj
| ēvāmah
| rowspan="2"|ēvāmah
|-
|-
! Instrumental  
! Instrumental  
| ēvā
| ēvā
| ēvāmah
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! Dative  
! Dative  
|hwiwalsāni
|hwiwalsāne
|hwiwalsāmah
|hwiwalsāmah
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! Dative  
! Dative  
|hrārīni
|hrārīne
|hrārīnāmah
|hrārīnāmah
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! Dative  
! Dative  
|māzri
|māzre
|māzrumah
|māzrumah
|-
|-
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| colspan="8"| z-stems
| colspan="8"| z-stems
|-
|-
| colspan="3"| '''lambah''' ''n'' lamb
| colspan="3"| '''lamhah''' ''n'' lamb
|-
|-
! || Singular || Plural
! || Singular || Plural
|-
|-
! Vocative  
! Vocative  
|lambah
|lamhah
|lambirā
|lamhirā
|-
|-
! Nominative  
! Nominative  
|lambah
|lamhah
|lambirā
|lamhirā
|-
|-
! Accusative  
! Accusative  
|lambah
|lamhah
|lambirā
|lamhirā
|-
|-
! Genitive  
! Genitive  
|lambirih
|lamhirih
|lambirō
|lamhirō
|-
|-
! Dative  
! Dative  
|lambirī
|lamhirī
|lambirumah
|lamhirumah
|-
|-
! Instrumental  
! Instrumental  
|lambirī
|lamhirī
|lambirumah
|lamhirumah
|-
|-
|}
|}
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===wursa===
==Askājaskā naunā==
===sājanaunā===
The adjectives of Skájamál are quite peculiar from a sibling perspective - there is no “strong” or “weak” inflection - instead, adjectives are declined for definiteness by a complex process whose origins lie in the ancient addition of a prefix, ''*ja(i)-'', which is usually reflected as ''a-'' before most consonants and disappears before most vowels. However, sound changes and analogical processes make the resultant system quite tricky to navigate.
 
#preserved pre-consonantal a-
:'''hwēkwaḥ''' vs. '''ahwēkwaḥ''' (weak)
#iotation and loss
:'''ulsīnaḥ''' vs. '''iulsīnaḥ''' (golden);this results from an original *g being preserved as -j- intervocalically and lost initially.
#preserved lenition
:'''bitraḥ''' vs. '''avitraḥ''' (bitter)
#lenition and loss
:'''batistaḥ'''  vs. '''vatistaḥ''' (best)
 
===sansanaunā===
==Askājaskā wursā==
===ahwēkwā wursā===
habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj
habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj
#Innovatio I
:The past tense indicative {{sc|1pl}} marker has replaced the equivalent present indicative marker. So, basically a bunch of verbs look a bit like preterite-presents here.
::e.g. '''aujum''' 'we have' ( from an innovated < *'''habjum''', instead of the expected reflex of PGmc. *'''habjamaz''' which would be **aujamah)
#Innovatio II
:Loss of final -i in the ind. pres. ("weak")
:: '''avajs''' 'you have, he has' ( < *'''''habaiþ''''' <  PGmc. *'''habaiþi''' AND < *'''''habais''''' < PGmc. *'''habaisi''')
::
::{|class="wikitable"
|-
| -jō||-jā
|-
| -aisi||-ajs
|-
| -aiþi||-ajs
|-
| -jum||-jum
|-
| -aiþ||-ajs
|-
| -janþi||-jan
|-
|}
#Innovatio III
: The subclasses of w-Class III merge with the stative -ja- spreading into the factitive in the present, while the factitive -a- forms spread to the past. The past participle is formed with *''-adaz'', present with *''-(i)jandz''
#Innovatio IV
: The spread of -janā to the infinitive from the I and III class to the rest.
::'''wrissājanā''', '''salbājanā'''
====Class I====
=====s-class I=====
A lot of things happen here:
As for *brūkaną, it's moved into class 2b of the strong verbs but keeps weak participle: briūk-, brauk-, brukadaz -> briūk-, brauk, brukara
then, *būanā joins the third weak class as būjanā (būās, būrāze, būra)
====s-class II====
todo
====s-class III====
to a large extent, merged with Class III, with verbs showing alternation between -a- and -i- in the past.
====Class II====
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="13"|šemplīas paradịmās: wansājanā (kalaš II - 'mažinatiš')
|-
|colspan="6"| ||present participle: wansānn past participle: wansāraḥ ||colspan="6"|
|-
! ||colspan="6"|indicative||colspan="6"|subjunctive
|-
|colspan="1"| ||colspan="3"|singular||colspan="3"|plural||colspan="3"|singular||colspan="3"|plural
|-
| ||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third
|-
|present||wansā||'''wansās'''||'''wansās'''||wansām||'''wansās'''||wansān||wansō||'''wansā'''||'''wansā'''||wansām||'''wansā'''||wansān
|-
|past||wansārō||'''wansārē'''||'''wansārē'''||wansārzum||wansārzud||wansārzun||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||wansārzīm||wansārzīd||wansārzīn
|}
====Class III====
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="13"|šemplīas paradịmās: aujanā (kalaš III - 'jèmetiš')
|-
|colspan="6"| ||present participle: aujann past participle: avarah ||colspan="6"|
|-
! ||colspan="6"|indicative||colspan="6"|subjunctive
|-
|colspan="1"| ||colspan="3"|singular||colspan="3"|plural||colspan="3"|singular||colspan="3"|plural
|-
| ||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third
|-
|present||aujā||'''avajs'''||'''avajs'''||aujum||'''avajs'''||aujan||aujaū||'''aujai'''||'''aujai'''||aujaim||'''aujai'''||aujain
|-
|past||audō||'''audē'''||'''audē'''||audum||audud||audun||'''audērī'''||'''audērī'''||'''audērī'''||audērīm||audērīd||audērīn
|}
===astarkijā wursā===
====Class I====
-ī- -ē- -i- -i-
====Class II====
a) iu - au - u - u
b) iū - au - u - u < '''Innovatio!''' j- ex a)
====Class III====
====Class IV====
====Class V====
====Class VI====
====Class VII====
==Sandhi==
Pronomina often occur in second position (wackernagel), thus sometimes glued onto verb. E.g.
wansā ik → wansājk
wansās sū → wansāru
wansās sa → wansāra


===A man says to another man…===
===A man says to another man…===
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