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User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl: Difference between revisions
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→8. z-stems
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==Sound changes== | |||
# merger of overlong into long vowels | # merger of overlong into long vowels | ||
#: ''*pūkō'' ( < *pūkô) | #: ''*pūkō'' ( < *pūkô) | ||
| Line 57: | Line 58: | ||
#: ''ējum'' ( < *aigum, {{sc|pres act 1pl}} of *aiganą), ''rīzanā'' ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), ''kiuranā'' ( < *keusaną) | #: ''ējum'' ( < *aigum, {{sc|pres act 1pl}} of *aiganą), ''rīzanā'' ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), ''kiuranā'' ( < *keusaną) | ||
#: ''ērīs'' 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. ''avajs'' 'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi) | #: ''ērīs'' 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. ''avajs'' 'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi) | ||
# /wr/ -> [rʷː] | |||
== | ==Current status== | ||
====1.==== | ====1.==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 71: | Line 72: | ||
| hwarh | | hwarh | ||
| hwarhāh | | hwarhāh | ||
| | | colspan=2 rowspan=3| blātā | ||
| blātā | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| hwarhah | | hwarhah | ||
| hwarhāh | | hwarhāh | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| hwarhā | | hwarhā | ||
| hwarhann | | hwarhann | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| Line 105: | Line 101: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===ō=== | ===ō=== | ||
These will probably merge to some extent with the a-stems of ''n'' gender. | These will probably merge to some extent with the a-stems of ''n'' gender. | ||
| Line 302: | Line 299: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| | |hwiwalsāne | ||
|hwiwalsāmah | |hwiwalsāmah | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| | |hrārīne | ||
|hrārīnāmah | |hrārīnāmah | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 372: | Line 369: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| | |māzre | ||
|māzrumah | |māzrumah | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 423: | Line 420: | ||
| colspan="8"| z-stems | | colspan="8"| z-stems | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="3"| ''' | | colspan="3"| '''lamhah''' ''n'' lamb | ||
|- | |- | ||
! || Singular || Plural | ! || Singular || Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
| | |lamhah | ||
| | |lamhirā | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| | |lamhah | ||
| | |lamhirā | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| | |lamhah | ||
| | |lamhirā | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| | |lamhirih | ||
| | |lamhirō | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| | |lamhirī | ||
| | |lamhirumah | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| | |lamhirī | ||
| | |lamhirumah | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 613: | Line 610: | ||
=== | ==Askājaskā naunā== | ||
===sājanaunā=== | |||
The adjectives of Skájamál are quite peculiar from a sibling perspective - there is no “strong” or “weak” inflection - instead, adjectives are declined for definiteness by a complex process whose origins lie in the ancient addition of a prefix, ''*ja(i)-'', which is usually reflected as ''a-'' before most consonants and disappears before most vowels. However, sound changes and analogical processes make the resultant system quite tricky to navigate. | |||
#preserved pre-consonantal a- | |||
:'''hwēkwaḥ''' vs. '''ahwēkwaḥ''' (weak) | |||
#iotation and loss | |||
:'''ulsīnaḥ''' vs. '''iulsīnaḥ''' (golden);this results from an original *g being preserved as -j- intervocalically and lost initially. | |||
#preserved lenition | |||
:'''bitraḥ''' vs. '''avitraḥ''' (bitter) | |||
#lenition and loss | |||
:'''batistaḥ''' vs. '''vatistaḥ''' (best) | |||
===sansanaunā=== | |||
==Askājaskā wursā== | |||
===ahwēkwā wursā=== | |||
habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj | habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj | ||
| Line 623: | Line 635: | ||
:Loss of final -i in the ind. pres. ("weak") | :Loss of final -i in the ind. pres. ("weak") | ||
:: '''avajs''' 'you have, he has' ( < *'''''habaiþ''''' < PGmc. *'''habaiþi''' AND < *'''''habais''''' < PGmc. *'''habaisi''') | :: '''avajs''' 'you have, he has' ( < *'''''habaiþ''''' < PGmc. *'''habaiþi''' AND < *'''''habais''''' < PGmc. *'''habaisi''') | ||
:: | |||
: | |||
::{|class="wikitable" | ::{|class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 642: | Line 652: | ||
|} | |} | ||
#Innovatio III | |||
: The subclasses of w-Class III merge with the stative -ja- spreading into the factitive in the present, while the factitive -a- forms spread to the past. The past participle is formed with *''-adaz'', present with *''-(i)jandz'' | |||
#Innovatio IV | |||
: The spread of -janā to the infinitive from the I and III class to the rest. | |||
::'''wrissājanā''', '''salbājanā''' | |||
====Class I==== | |||
=====s-class I===== | |||
A lot of things happen here: | |||
As for *brūkaną, it's moved into class 2b of the strong verbs but keeps weak participle: briūk-, brauk-, brukadaz -> briūk-, brauk, brukara | |||
then, *būanā joins the third weak class as būjanā (būās, būrāze, būra) | |||
====s-class II==== | |||
todo | |||
====s-class III==== | |||
to a large extent, merged with Class III, with verbs showing alternation between -a- and -i- in the past. | |||
====Class II==== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
!colspan="13"|šemplīas paradịmās: | !colspan="13"|šemplīas paradịmās: wansājanā (kalaš II - 'mažinatiš') | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan="6"| ||present participle: | |colspan="6"| ||present participle: wansānn past participle: wansāraḥ ||colspan="6"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ||colspan="6"|indicative||colspan="6"|subjunctive | ! ||colspan="6"|indicative||colspan="6"|subjunctive | ||
| Line 656: | Line 686: | ||
| ||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third | | ||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third | ||
|- | |- | ||
|present|| | |present||wansā||'''wansās'''||'''wansās'''||wansām||'''wansās'''||wansān||wansō||'''wansā'''||'''wansā'''||wansām||'''wansā'''||wansān | ||
|- | |- | ||
|past|| | |past||wansārō||'''wansārē'''||'''wansārē'''||wansārzum||wansārzud||wansārzun||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||wansārzīm||wansārzīd||wansārzīn | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | ====Class III==== | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
!colspan="13"|šemplīas paradịmās: | !colspan="13"|šemplīas paradịmās: aujanā (kalaš III - 'jèmetiš') | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan="6"| ||present participle: | |colspan="6"| ||present participle: aujann past participle: avarah ||colspan="6"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ||colspan="6"|indicative||colspan="6"|subjunctive | ! ||colspan="6"|indicative||colspan="6"|subjunctive | ||
| Line 673: | Line 704: | ||
| ||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third | | ||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third | ||
|- | |- | ||
|present|| | |present||aujā||'''avajs'''||'''avajs'''||aujum||'''avajs'''||aujan||aujaū||'''aujai'''||'''aujai'''||aujaim||'''aujai'''||aujain | ||
|- | |- | ||
|past|| | |past||audō||'''audē'''||'''audē'''||audum||audud||audun||'''audērī'''||'''audērī'''||'''audērī'''||audērīm||audērīd||audērīn | ||
|} | |} | ||
===astarkijā wursā=== | |||
====Class I==== | |||
-ī- -ē- -i- -i- | |||
====Class II==== | |||
a) iu - au - u - u | |||
b) iū - au - u - u < '''Innovatio!''' j- ex a) | |||
====Class III==== | |||
====Class IV==== | |||
====Class V==== | |||
====Class VI==== | |||
====Class VII==== | |||
==Sandhi== | ==Sandhi== | ||
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wansā ik → wansājk | wansā ik → wansājk | ||
wansās sū → wansāru | |||
wansās sa → wansāra | |||
===A man says to another man…=== | ===A man says to another man…=== | ||