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User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl: Difference between revisions
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→8. z-stems
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==Sound changes== | |||
# merger of overlong into long vowels | # merger of overlong into long vowels | ||
#: ''*pūkō'' ( < *pūkô) | #: ''*pūkō'' ( < *pūkô) | ||
| Line 58: | Line 59: | ||
#: ''ērīs'' 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. ''avajs'' 'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi) | #: ''ērīs'' 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. ''avajs'' 'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi) | ||
# /wr/ -> [rʷː] | # /wr/ -> [rʷː] | ||
== | ==Current status== | ||
====1.==== | ====1.==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 71: | Line 72: | ||
| hwarh | | hwarh | ||
| hwarhāh | | hwarhāh | ||
| | | colspan=2 rowspan=3| blātā | ||
| blātā | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| hwarhah | | hwarhah | ||
| hwarhāh | | hwarhāh | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| hwarhā | | hwarhā | ||
| hwarhann | | hwarhann | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| Line 105: | Line 101: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===ō=== | ===ō=== | ||
These will probably merge to some extent with the a-stems of ''n'' gender. | These will probably merge to some extent with the a-stems of ''n'' gender. | ||
| Line 302: | Line 299: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| | |hwiwalsāne | ||
|hwiwalsāmah | |hwiwalsāmah | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 337: | Line 334: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| | |hrārīne | ||
|hrārīnāmah | |hrārīnāmah | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 372: | Line 369: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| | |māzre | ||
|māzrumah | |māzrumah | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 423: | Line 420: | ||
| colspan="8"| z-stems | | colspan="8"| z-stems | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="3"| ''' | | colspan="3"| '''lamhah''' ''n'' lamb | ||
|- | |- | ||
! || Singular || Plural | ! || Singular || Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
| | |lamhah | ||
| | |lamhirā | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| | |lamhah | ||
| | |lamhirā | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| | |lamhah | ||
| | |lamhirā | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| | |lamhirih | ||
| | |lamhirō | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| | |lamhirī | ||
| | |lamhirumah | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| | |lamhirī | ||
| | |lamhirumah | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 617: | Line 614: | ||
The adjectives of Skájamál are quite peculiar from a sibling perspective - there is no “strong” or “weak” inflection - instead, adjectives are declined for definiteness by a complex process whose origins lie in the ancient addition of a prefix, ''*ja(i)-'', which is usually reflected as ''a-'' before most consonants and disappears before most vowels. However, sound changes and analogical processes make the resultant system quite tricky to navigate. | The adjectives of Skájamál are quite peculiar from a sibling perspective - there is no “strong” or “weak” inflection - instead, adjectives are declined for definiteness by a complex process whose origins lie in the ancient addition of a prefix, ''*ja(i)-'', which is usually reflected as ''a-'' before most consonants and disappears before most vowels. However, sound changes and analogical processes make the resultant system quite tricky to navigate. | ||
# | #preserved pre-consonantal a- | ||
:''' | :'''hwēkwaḥ''' vs. '''ahwēkwaḥ''' (weak) | ||
#iotation | #iotation and loss | ||
:'''ulsīnaḥ''' vs. '''iulsīnaḥ''' (golden);this results from an original *g being preserved as -j- intervocalically and lost initially. | :'''ulsīnaḥ''' vs. '''iulsīnaḥ''' (golden);this results from an original *g being preserved as -j- intervocalically and lost initially. | ||
#lenition | #preserved lenition | ||
:'''bitraḥ''' vs. '''avitraḥ''' (bitter) | :'''bitraḥ''' vs. '''avitraḥ''' (bitter) | ||
#lenition and loss | #lenition and loss | ||
| Line 628: | Line 625: | ||
===sansanaunā=== | ===sansanaunā=== | ||
==Askājaskā wursā== | ==Askājaskā wursā== | ||
=== | ===ahwēkwā wursā=== | ||
habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj | habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj | ||
| Line 662: | Line 659: | ||
::'''wrissājanā''', '''salbājanā''' | ::'''wrissājanā''', '''salbājanā''' | ||
====Class I==== | |||
=====s-class I===== | |||
A lot of things happen here: | |||
As for *brūkaną, it's moved into class 2b of the strong verbs but keeps weak participle: briūk-, brauk-, brukadaz -> briūk-, brauk, brukara | |||
then, *būanā joins the third weak class as būjanā (būās, būrāze, būra) | |||
====s-class II==== | |||
todo | |||
====s-class III==== | |||
to a large extent, merged with Class III, with verbs showing alternation between -a- and -i- in the past. | |||
====Class II==== | ====Class II==== | ||