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(Created page with "==Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam== #Monophthongisation (~Late Latin) #: *oi̯, ,*ou̯, *ei̯ > ū, ū, ī #:: ūnos < {{sc|*oinos}}, tūtā < {{sc|*toutā}}, sūlīs < {{sc|*sūl...")
 
 
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==Avahil==
===Nouns===
Obligatory social opinion-marking on high animate nouns.
#'''Vr'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel, e.g., ''avan'' → ''aravan'' ‘a liked man’
#:liked, having a positive opinion of
#'''Vm'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel, e.g., ''vasan'' → ''ãvasan'' ‘a disliked baker’
#:disliked, having a negative opinion of
#'''Vth'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel, e.g., ''ana'' → ''athana'' ‘a trusted woman’
#:trusted, having trust in
#'''Vl'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel, e.g., ''agan'' → ''alagan'' ‘a distrusted ruler’
#:distrusted, lacking trust in
#'''V(h)'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel and '''h''' is obligatory before front vowels, e.g., ''eyin'' → ''eheyin'' ‘a farmer’ but ''avan'' → ''avan'' ‘a man’
#:having not yet formed an opinion of, neutral
Hypocoristics are formed by infixes.
#'''-ri-''' e.g., ''avan'' → ''arivan'' ‘boy, child’, ''ana'' → ''arina'' ‘girl, young woman’
#:a neutral diminutive
#'''-th-''' e.g., ''caha'' ‘flower’ → ''catha'' ‘small blossom’, ''vasan'' → ''vathahan'' ‘cherished apprentice baker’
#:an affectionate diminutive
#'''-m-''' e.g., ''asan'' ‘hunter’ → ''ãhan'' ‘(mockingly) hunterling’, ''talagan'' ‘bear’ → ''talãhan'' ‘brash, aggressive, young person’
#:a derisive, mocking diminutive
Uses a falling pitch accent to mark the possessum.
#This accent is put on the ‘center’ syllable of a word, e.g., ''ereyin a'''là'''na'' ‘the beloved farmer's treacherous wife’, but ''arivan '''àn'''a'' ‘the boy's mother’
Uses compounding to form adjective-noun and noun-noun words.
# Word stems ending in a vowel reduplicate their consonant, e.g. ''eyi-'' + ''ana'' → ''eliyana''<sup>1</sup> ‘farmwife’, unless the first word ends in the same vowel as the second one begins with; then they merge: ''tala'' ‘honey’ + ''agan'' → ''talagan'' ‘bear’
# Word stems ending in a consonant undergo a radical change if clashing with another consonant.
#:''ag-'' + ''vasan'' → ''ahavasan'' ‘head baker’ [ɑːʋasan] or [ɑxaʋasan]
#:''avan-'' + ''sil'' → ''avahil'' ‘common speech’ [aʋaːil] or [aʋaxil]
====Notes on sound changes====
#<small>Regressive dissimilation strikes: the first '''y''' is here depalatalised to '''l''', giving ''eliyana'' [ɛliʎana] instead of expected ''*eyiyana'' [ɛʎiʎana]</small>
===Syntax===
Word order is VSO. Possessors precede possessa.
==yašur ḇa aškilun==
IPA: /ˈjaˌʃur p’əˈʾaʔʃkʰəˌlun/
===Translating 'Am I small?'===
source: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00F1YPRSK/
:<big>A ḇaš gali? - išagur tawḏi ḇa Philipp Winterberg ya Nadja Wichmann. </big>
:{|
|-
| ''a'' || ''ḇaš'' || ''gali'' || ''i-šagur'' || ''tawḏ-i'' || ''ḇa'' || Pilipp Winterberg || ''ya'' || Nadja Wichmann
|-
| {{sc|q}} || {{sc|1sg.nom}} || small || {{sc|det.inan-}}tale || picture.{{sc|constr-adj}} || of || || and ||
|
|}
:<big>A ḇaš gali? - Tamia uyasad ya yasakaš wadiš bašaddut ḏargit, yataḏaši wadiš anu asarušuḏ. Dala yamarad isaḇur ušabri.</big>
:{|
|-
| ''a'' || ''ḇaš'' || ''gali'' || Tamia || ''u-ya-sad-ø'' || ''ya'' || ''ya-sakaš-ø'' || ''wadi-š'' || ''bašad-du-t'' || ''ḏargi-t'' || ''ya-taḏ-aši'' || ''wadi-š'' || ''anu'' || ''a-saruš-uḏ'' || ''dala'' || ''ya-marad-ø'' || ''i-saḇur'' || ''u-šabri''
|-
| {{sc|q}} || {{sc|1sg.nom}} || small || Tamia || {{sc|not-3sg-know-ipfv}} || and || {{sc|3sg-ask-ipfv}} || beast{{sc|-pl-gen}} || all{{sc|-acc.anim}}|| different{{sc|-gen}} || {{sc|3sg-}}meet-{{sc|ipfv.act.ptcp}}|| all{{sc|-acc.anim}}|| at || {{sc|3sg.poss.encl-}}road{{sc|-loc.inan}} || then || {{sc|3sg-}}find{{sc|-ipfv}} || {{sc|det.inan-}}answer || {{sc|not-}}expected
|-
|}
:<big>Gal Tamia.</big>
:{|
|-
| ''gal'' || ''Tamia''
|-
| here (is) || Tamia
|-
|}
:<big>tarag! taḇḏi!</big>
:<big>Yagalgir Tamia gali.</big>
:<big>a ḇaš? A gali?</big>
:<big>A ḇaš gali? </big>
:<big>A gali? Laša? Laš waḏi gali galayu! Laš gugali!</big>
:<big>A ḇaš gugali?</big>
:<big>A gugali? Laša? Laš maḡi!</big>
:<big>A ḇaš maḡi?</big>
:<big>A maḡi? Laša? Laš maḡa-maḡi!</big>
:<big>A ḇaš maḡa-maḡi?</big>
:<big>A maḡa-maḡi? Laša? Laš ušani!</big>
:<big>A ḇaš ušani?</big>
:<big>A šani? Laša? Laš nami!</big>
:<big>A ḇaš nami?</big>
:<big>A nami? Laša? Laš nunami!</big>
:<big>A ḇaš nunami? </big>
:<big>A nunami? Laša? Laš irḡuli!</big>
:<big>A ḇaš irḡuli? </big>
:<big>A irḡuli? Laša? Laš adli! </big>
:<big>Adu miḏur… ḇašu! ḇaš wadi…</big>
:<big>Ušani!
:Gugali!
:Nunami!
:Irḡuli!
:Adli!
</big>
===Sketching out syntax===
:<big>Yamin gal ḇ'aštaḏ yamraḏ ašarraḡin ḇakaduš waḏiš.</big>
:{|
|-
| ''yamin'' || ''gal'' || ''ḇa-aštaḏ'' || ''ya-m-raḏ-ø'' || ''a-šarraḡ-in'' || ''ḇaka-du-š'' || ''waḏi-š''
|-
| once || here || {{sc|1sg.poss.encl-}}father || {{sc|3sg-ven-}}gather{{sc|-pfv}} || {{sc|det.anim-}}queen{{sc|-dat.anim}} || sheep-{{sc|pl-acc.anim}} || all{{sc|-acc.anim}}
|}
: "My father once came and gathered all sheep for the queen."
:<big>Yamin gal laḇal isakušu ḇ'aštaḏin aši kašu ini l'adur lašut.</big>
:{|
| ''yamin'' || ''gal'' || ''la-ḇal-ø'' || ''i-sakuš-u'' || ''ḇa-aštaḏ-in'' || ''aši'' || ''kašu'' || ''ini'' || ''la-adur'' || ''laš-ut''
|-
| once || here || {{sc|2sg-}}promise{{sc|-pfv}} || {{sc|det.inan-}}task{{sc|-dat.inan}} || {{sc|1sg.poss.encl-}}father{{sc|-dat.anim}} || one || night || with || {{sc|2sg.poss.encl-}}side || your
|-
|
|}
: "You did once here for this task promise one night by your side to my father."
:<big>Gir šarraḡa parḇi, laš, lawkad ya ulamkad šamat.</big>
:{|
|-
| ''gir'' || ''šarraḡ-a'' || ''parḇi'' || ''laš'' || ''la-w-kad-ø'' ||  ''ya'' || ''u-la-m-kad-ø'' || ''šamat''
|-
| yet || queen-{{sc|voc}} || illustrious || you || {{sc|2sg-and-}}go{{sc|-pfv}} || and || {{sc|not-2sg-ven-}}go{{sc|-pfv}} || again
|}
: "Yet, O illustrious queen, you left and did not again return."
:<big>Ini l'astu gani, šarraḡa parḇi, itaḇaḏa baḡduri ulnikutu ugtaḏin.</big>
:{|
|-
| ''ini'' || ''la-astu'' || ''gani'' || ''šarraḡ-a'' || ''parḇi'' || ''i-taḇaḏa'' ||  ''baḡd-ur-i'' || u-l-nikut-u-ø || ''ugtaḏ-in''
|-
| with || {{sc|2sg.poss.encl-}}laws || own || queen-{{sc|voc}}|| illustrious|| {{sc|det.inan-}}debts || pay-{{sc|pass.fut.ptcp-adj}} || {{sc|3pl.pass-pass-}}inherit{{sc|.pass}}{{sc|-3pl.pass-ipfv}} || son{{sc|-dat.anim}}
|}
: "By your own laws, O illustrious queen, the debts that are to be paid are inherited to the son."
===Phonology===
Has three distinctive vowels: '''i''' /i/, '''u''' /u/,'''a''' /a/, which all reduce to ə in a 'weak' position<sup>1</sup>.
Three consonant series: unaspirated '''b''' /p/, '''d''' /t/, '''g''' /k/, aspirated '''p''' /pʰ/, '''t''' /tʰ/, '''k''' /kʰ/, ejective '''ḇ''' /p’/, '''ḏ''' /t’/, '''ḡ''' /k’/
These series of stops have traditionally been termed the '''tenuis''', the '''fortis''', and the '''lenis''' series.
The language has regressive (leftward) pre-glottalization before the fortis and lenis stops, thus ''yataḏa'' /jəˈʔtʰaʔt’a/ 'he collects'  but ''gaduš'' /katuʃ/ 'knife'
:<small>1. In the religious register ''yašur isali'' (“refined speech”) every vowel is pronounced as it were and does not reduce. Compare ''ašarraḡin'' (“to the queen”) pronounced /aˈʃaraʔˌk’in/ with regular /əˈʃarəʔˌk’in/
==Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam==
==Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam==
#Monophthongisation (~Late Latin)
#Monophthongisation (~Late Latin)
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#: *m > 0 / _#
#: *m > 0 / _#
#:: ɸatera < {{sc|*ɸateram}}
#:: ɸatera < {{sc|*ɸateram}}
#Simplifcation of /ns/ to /s/
#: *ns > s
#:: asis < {{sc|*ansis}}
#Loss of *g between vowels
#: *g > 0 / V_V
#:: rīam < {{sc|*rīgam}}
# Short vowels change in quality
# Short vowels change in quality
#:*a, *e, *i, *o, *u > a, ɛ, e, ɔ, o  
#:*a, *e, *i, *o, *u > a, ɛ, e, ɔ, o  
Line 18: Line 176:
#: *s > es / #_C
#: *s > es / #_C
#:: estrɛna < {{sc|*strīnām}}
#:: estrɛna < {{sc|*strīnām}}
#Voicing of plosives between vowels and before sonorant consonant
#Voicing of plosives between vowels  
#: p t k > b d g / V_V && _{l r}
#: *p, *t, *k > b, d, g / V_V
#::  kɛgɔ < {{sc|*kaikom}}, madɛra < {{sc|*materam}}
#::  kɛgɔ < {{sc|*kaikom}}
#Syncope of unstressed syllables near *r and *l
#Syncope of unstressed syllables near *r and *l
#:  
#:  
#:: sulbɔs < {{sc|*sūlibos}}, ɸadra < {{sc|*ɸateram}}
#:: sulbɔs < {{sc|*sūlibos}}, ɸadra < {{sc|*ɸateram}}
#Debuccalisation of *ɸ
#Debuccalisation of *ɸ
#: ɸ > h / #_ && V_V
#: *ɸ > h / #_ && V_V
#:: hadra < {{sc|*ɸateram}}, nɛhuts < {{sc|*neɸūts}}
#:: hadra < {{sc|*ɸateram}}, nɛhuts < {{sc|*neɸūts}}
#Only allow *a, *e, *o as word-final (Proto-Western-Romance?)
#Syncretism: Replacement of hadrɛbɔs by hadrɛbes in the dat. pl.
===r-stem example===
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! colspan="5"| hader, hadrɔs (father)
|-
!  colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! colspan="1" | Nominative
| colspan="2" | hader  || colspan="2" | hadras
|-
! colspan="1" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | hadrɔs || colspan="2" | hadrɔ
|-
! colspan="1" | Accusative
| colspan="2" | hadra || colspan="2" | hadras
|-
! colspan="1" | Dative
| colspan="2" | hadre || colspan="2" | hadrɛbes
|-
! colspan="1" | Ablative
| colspan="2" | hadre ||  colspan="2" | hadrɛbes
|-
! colspan="1" | Instrumental
| colspan="2" | hadre || colspan="2" | hadrɛbes
|-
! colspan="1" | Locative
| colspan="2" | hadre || colspan="2" | hadrɛbes
|}
'''NB.''' ”There also seems to be a marked tendency to confuse different forms even when they have not become homophonous (like in the generally more distinct plurals), which indicates the nominal deflexion was not only caused by phonetic mergers, but also by structural factors.[22] As a result of the untenability of the noun case system after these phonetic changes, vulgar Latin moved from being a markedly synthetic language to a more analytic language.” — [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin Vulgar Latin]
> hader, hadra | hadras, hadras
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